Example: Dietary fat

library(multinma)
options(mc.cores = parallel::detectCores())

This vignette describes the analysis of 10 trials comparing reduced fat diets to control (non-reduced fat diets) for preventing mortality (Hooper et al. 2000; Dias et al. 2011). The data are available in this package as dietary_fat:

head(dietary_fat)
#>   studyn            studyc trtn        trtc   r    n      E
#> 1      1              DART    1     Control 113 1015 1917.0
#> 2      1              DART    2 Reduced Fat 111 1018 1925.0
#> 3      2 London Corn/Olive    1     Control   1   26   43.6
#> 4      2 London Corn/Olive    2 Reduced Fat   5   28   41.3
#> 5      2 London Corn/Olive    2 Reduced Fat   3   26   38.0
#> 6      3    London Low Fat    1     Control  24  129  393.5

Setting up the network

We begin by setting up the network - here just a pairwise meta-analysis. We have arm-level rate data giving the number of deaths (r) and the person-years at risk (E) in each arm, so we use the function set_agd_arm(). We set “Control” as the reference treatment.

diet_net <- set_agd_arm(dietary_fat, 
                        study = studyc,
                        trt = trtc,
                        r = r, 
                        E = E,
                        trt_ref = "Control",
                        sample_size = n)
diet_net
#> A network with 10 AgD studies (arm-based).
#> 
#> ------------------------------------------------------- AgD studies (arm-based) ---- 
#>  Study                   Treatment arms                        
#>  DART                    2: Control | Reduced Fat              
#>  London Corn/Olive       3: Control | Reduced Fat | Reduced Fat
#>  London Low Fat          2: Control | Reduced Fat              
#>  Minnesota Coronary      2: Control | Reduced Fat              
#>  MRC Soya                2: Control | Reduced Fat              
#>  Oslo Diet-Heart         2: Control | Reduced Fat              
#>  STARS                   2: Control | Reduced Fat              
#>  Sydney Diet-Heart       2: Control | Reduced Fat              
#>  Veterans Administration 2: Control | Reduced Fat              
#>  Veterans Diet & Skin CA 2: Control | Reduced Fat              
#> 
#>  Outcome type: rate
#> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#> Total number of treatments: 2
#> Total number of studies: 10
#> Reference treatment is: Control
#> Network is connected

We also specify the optional sample_size argument, although it is not strictly necessary here. In this case sample_size would only be required to produce a network plot with nodes weighted by sample size, and a network plot is not particularly informative for a meta-analysis of only two treatments. (The sample_size argument is more important when a regression model is specified, since it also enables automatic centering of predictors and production of predictions for studies in the network, see ?set_agd_arm.)

Meta-analysis models

We fit both fixed effect (FE) and random effects (RE) models.

Fixed effect meta-analysis

First, we fit a fixed effect model using the nma() function with trt_effects = "fixed". We use \(\mathrm{N}(0, 100^2)\) prior distributions for the treatment effects \(d_k\) and study-specific intercepts \(\mu_j\). We can examine the range of parameter values implied by these prior distributions with the summary() method:

summary(normal(scale = 100))
#> A Normal prior distribution: location = 0, scale = 100.
#> 50% of the prior density lies between -67.45 and 67.45.
#> 95% of the prior density lies between -196 and 196.

The model is fitted using the nma() function. By default, this will use a Poisson likelihood with a log link function, auto-detected from the data.

diet_fit_FE <- nma(diet_net, 
                   trt_effects = "fixed",
                   prior_intercept = normal(scale = 100),
                   prior_trt = normal(scale = 100))

Basic parameter summaries are given by the print() method:

diet_fit_FE
#> A fixed effects NMA with a poisson likelihood (log link).
#> Inference for Stan model: poisson.
#> 4 chains, each with iter=2000; warmup=1000; thin=1; 
#> post-warmup draws per chain=1000, total post-warmup draws=4000.
#> 
#>                   mean se_mean   sd    2.5%     25%     50%     75%   97.5% n_eff Rhat
#> d[Reduced Fat]   -0.01    0.00 0.05   -0.12   -0.04   -0.01    0.02    0.09  3009    1
#> lp__           5386.18    0.06 2.38 5380.38 5384.89 5386.53 5387.88 5389.85  1620    1
#> 
#> Samples were drawn using NUTS(diag_e) at Thu Feb 24 09:00:48 2022.
#> For each parameter, n_eff is a crude measure of effective sample size,
#> and Rhat is the potential scale reduction factor on split chains (at 
#> convergence, Rhat=1).

By default, summaries of the study-specific intercepts \(\mu_j\) are hidden, but could be examined by changing the pars argument:

# Not run
print(diet_fit_FE, pars = c("d", "mu"))

The prior and posterior distributions can be compared visually using the plot_prior_posterior() function:

plot_prior_posterior(diet_fit_FE)

Random effects meta-analysis

We now fit a random effects model using the nma() function with trt_effects = "random". Again, we use \(\mathrm{N}(0, 100^2)\) prior distributions for the treatment effects \(d_k\) and study-specific intercepts \(\mu_j\), and we additionally use a \(\textrm{half-N}(5^2)\) prior for the heterogeneity standard deviation \(\tau\). We can examine the range of parameter values implied by these prior distributions with the summary() method:

summary(normal(scale = 100))
#> A Normal prior distribution: location = 0, scale = 100.
#> 50% of the prior density lies between -67.45 and 67.45.
#> 95% of the prior density lies between -196 and 196.
summary(half_normal(scale = 5))
#> A half-Normal prior distribution: location = 0, scale = 5.
#> 50% of the prior density lies between 0 and 3.37.
#> 95% of the prior density lies between 0 and 9.8.

Fitting the RE model

diet_fit_RE <- nma(diet_net, 
                   trt_effects = "random",
                   prior_intercept = normal(scale = 10),
                   prior_trt = normal(scale = 10),
                   prior_het = half_normal(scale = 5))

Basic parameter summaries are given by the print() method:

diet_fit_RE
#> A random effects NMA with a poisson likelihood (log link).
#> Inference for Stan model: poisson.
#> 4 chains, each with iter=2000; warmup=1000; thin=1; 
#> post-warmup draws per chain=1000, total post-warmup draws=4000.
#> 
#>                   mean se_mean   sd    2.5%     25%     50%     75%   97.5% n_eff Rhat
#> d[Reduced Fat]   -0.02    0.01 0.11   -0.29   -0.07   -0.02    0.03    0.16   258 1.02
#> lp__           5379.00    0.12 3.86 5370.59 5376.56 5379.29 5381.73 5385.68   979 1.01
#> tau               0.15    0.01 0.14    0.01    0.05    0.11    0.20    0.54   326 1.03
#> 
#> Samples were drawn using NUTS(diag_e) at Thu Feb 24 09:01:06 2022.
#> For each parameter, n_eff is a crude measure of effective sample size,
#> and Rhat is the potential scale reduction factor on split chains (at 
#> convergence, Rhat=1).

By default, summaries of the study-specific intercepts \(\mu_j\) and study-specific relative effects \(\delta_{jk}\) are hidden, but could be examined by changing the pars argument:

# Not run
print(diet_fit_RE, pars = c("d", "mu", "delta"))

The prior and posterior distributions can be compared visually using the plot_prior_posterior() function:

plot_prior_posterior(diet_fit_RE, prior = c("trt", "het"))

Model comparison

Model fit can be checked using the dic() function:

(dic_FE <- dic(diet_fit_FE))
#> Residual deviance: 22.5 (on 21 data points)
#>                pD: 11.2
#>               DIC: 33.7
(dic_RE <- dic(diet_fit_RE))
#> Residual deviance: 21 (on 21 data points)
#>                pD: 13.5
#>               DIC: 34.5

Both models appear to fit the data well, as the residual deviance is close to the number of data points. The DIC is very similar between models, so the FE model may be preferred for parsimony.

We can also examine the residual deviance contributions with the corresponding plot() method.

plot(dic_FE)

plot(dic_RE)

Further results

Dias et al. (2011) produce absolute predictions of the mortality rates on reduced fat and control diets, assuming a Normal distribution on the baseline log rate of mortality with mean \(-3\) and precision \(1.77\). We can replicate these results using the predict() method. The baseline argument takes a distr() distribution object, with which we specify the corresponding Normal distribution. We set type = "response" to produce predicted rates (type = "link" would produce predicted log rates).

pred_FE <- predict(diet_fit_FE, 
                   baseline = distr(qnorm, mean = -3, sd = 1.77^-0.5), 
                   type = "response")
pred_FE
#>                   mean   sd 2.5%  25%  50%  75% 97.5% Bulk_ESS Tail_ESS Rhat
#> pred[Control]     0.07 0.07 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.08  0.22     3960     3850    1
#> pred[Reduced Fat] 0.07 0.07 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.08  0.22     3967     3850    1
plot(pred_FE)

pred_RE <- predict(diet_fit_RE, 
                   baseline = distr(qnorm, mean = -3, sd = 1.77^-0.5), 
                   type = "response")
pred_RE
#>                   mean   sd 2.5%  25%  50%  75% 97.5% Bulk_ESS Tail_ESS Rhat
#> pred[Control]     0.07 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.08  0.21     3967     3737    1
#> pred[Reduced Fat] 0.06 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.08  0.21     3567     3773    1
plot(pred_RE)

If the baseline argument is omitted, predicted rates will be produced for every study in the network based on their estimated baseline log rate \(\mu_j\):

pred_FE_studies <- predict(diet_fit_FE, type = "response")
pred_FE_studies
#> ------------------------------------------------------------------- Study: DART ---- 
#> 
#>                         mean sd 2.5%  25%  50%  75% 97.5% Bulk_ESS Tail_ESS Rhat
#> pred[DART: Control]     0.06  0 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06  0.07     4834     3275    1
#> pred[DART: Reduced Fat] 0.06  0 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06  0.07     7563     3553    1
#> 
#> ------------------------------------------------------ Study: London Corn/Olive ---- 
#> 
#>                                      mean   sd 2.5%  25%  50%  75% 97.5% Bulk_ESS Tail_ESS Rhat
#> pred[London Corn/Olive: Control]     0.07 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.07 0.09  0.13     7354     3023    1
#> pred[London Corn/Olive: Reduced Fat] 0.07 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09  0.13     7436     3275    1
#> 
#> --------------------------------------------------------- Study: London Low Fat ---- 
#> 
#>                                   mean   sd 2.5%  25%  50%  75% 97.5% Bulk_ESS Tail_ESS Rhat
#> pred[London Low Fat: Control]     0.06 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06  0.08     6299     2999    1
#> pred[London Low Fat: Reduced Fat] 0.06 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06  0.08     7002     2721    1
#> 
#> ----------------------------------------------------- Study: Minnesota Coronary ---- 
#> 
#>                                       mean sd 2.5%  25%  50%  75% 97.5% Bulk_ESS Tail_ESS Rhat
#> pred[Minnesota Coronary: Control]     0.05  0 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06  0.06     4367     3310    1
#> pred[Minnesota Coronary: Reduced Fat] 0.05  0 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06  0.06     6100     3281    1
#> 
#> --------------------------------------------------------------- Study: MRC Soya ---- 
#> 
#>                             mean   sd 2.5%  25%  50%  75% 97.5% Bulk_ESS Tail_ESS Rhat
#> pred[MRC Soya: Control]     0.04 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04  0.05     7017     2902    1
#> pred[MRC Soya: Reduced Fat] 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04  0.05     7885     2883    1
#> 
#> -------------------------------------------------------- Study: Oslo Diet-Heart ---- 
#> 
#>                                    mean   sd 2.5%  25%  50%  75% 97.5% Bulk_ESS Tail_ESS Rhat
#> pred[Oslo Diet-Heart: Control]     0.06 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.07  0.08     6262     3093    1
#> pred[Oslo Diet-Heart: Reduced Fat] 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.07  0.08     7697     3007    1
#> 
#> ------------------------------------------------------------------ Study: STARS ---- 
#> 
#>                          mean   sd 2.5%  25%  50%  75% 97.5% Bulk_ESS Tail_ESS Rhat
#> pred[STARS: Control]     0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03  0.05     6628     3279    1
#> pred[STARS: Reduced Fat] 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03  0.05     6738     3109    1
#> 
#> ------------------------------------------------------ Study: Sydney Diet-Heart ---- 
#> 
#>                                      mean sd 2.5%  25%  50%  75% 97.5% Bulk_ESS Tail_ESS Rhat
#> pred[Sydney Diet-Heart: Control]     0.03  0 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04  0.04     6469     3196    1
#> pred[Sydney Diet-Heart: Reduced Fat] 0.03  0 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04  0.04     6777     3167    1
#> 
#> ------------------------------------------------ Study: Veterans Administration ---- 
#> 
#>                                            mean   sd 2.5%  25%  50%  75% 97.5% Bulk_ESS Tail_ESS
#> pred[Veterans Administration: Control]     0.11 0.01  0.1 0.11 0.11 0.12  0.13     4218     3278
#> pred[Veterans Administration: Reduced Fat] 0.11 0.01  0.1 0.11 0.11 0.12  0.13     7360     3581
#>                                            Rhat
#> pred[Veterans Administration: Control]        1
#> pred[Veterans Administration: Reduced Fat]    1
#> 
#> ------------------------------------------------ Study: Veterans Diet & Skin CA ---- 
#> 
#>                                            mean   sd 2.5%  25%  50%  75% 97.5% Bulk_ESS Tail_ESS
#> pred[Veterans Diet & Skin CA: Control]     0.01 0.01    0 0.01 0.01 0.02  0.03     6929     2727
#> pred[Veterans Diet & Skin CA: Reduced Fat] 0.01 0.01    0 0.01 0.01 0.02  0.03     7048     2725
#>                                            Rhat
#> pred[Veterans Diet & Skin CA: Control]        1
#> pred[Veterans Diet & Skin CA: Reduced Fat]    1
plot(pred_FE_studies) + ggplot2::facet_grid(Study~., labeller = ggplot2::label_wrap_gen(width = 10))

References

Dias, S., N. J. Welton, A. J. Sutton, and A. E. Ades. 2011. NICE DSU Technical Support Document 2: A Generalised Linear Modelling Framework for Pair-Wise and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.” National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. https://nicedsu.sites.sheffield.ac.uk.
Hooper, L., C. D. Summerbell, J. P. T. Higgins, R. L. Thompson, G. Clements, N. Capps, G. Davey Smith, R. Riemersma, and S. Ebrahim. 2000. “Reduced or Modified Dietary Fat for Preventing Cardiovascular Disease.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002137.