User Guide: 1 Radiation

Package ‘photobiology’ 0.10.12

Pedro J. Aphalo

2022-07-21

Radiation, astronomy and atmosphere

The User Guide is divided into two volumes: 1. Radiation and 2. Astronomy. The second volume also describes functions related to water vapour in the atmosphere.

Naming conventions

I have developed package ‘photobiology’ over several years, and even though I have tried to remain consistent, some inconsistencies have crept in. I have attempted to correct inconsistencies without breaking old code by providing synonyms for some functions.

In general I have used names in snake case for methods and functions, such as source_spct() and dot case for their arguments. There are two exceptions to this: the as. and is. methods which for consistency with base R, retain the dot: as.source_spct() and ìs.source_spct(). There are still some functions and methods whose names are in camel case: these are mostly accessors and setters of metadata attributes such as setWhatMeasured() and getWhatMeasured(), in which case synonyms what_measured<-() and what_measured() are now provided with a syntax that parallels that of R’s comment<-(), comment(), and similar methods for other attributes. Names of attributes themselves use dots, while classes use snake case as functions do, allowing consistency between class names and their constructor functions. There is an additional twist: functions named like clip_wl() are “verbs” that act on the wavelengths (“wl”) modifying them, while those named like wl_range() are “nouns” for the properties of the wavelengths.

In examples we use variable names ending in .spct for spectra, ending in .mspct for collections of spectra and ending in .tb for tibbles. In most cases the root of the variable names use “snake case” and may have a tag at the end separated with a dot. In the case of variable names used in examples I have been less strict about conventions than for the objects exported by the package.

None of these naming conventions are enforced for user defined objects and classes; these conventions are simply those I have tried to follow while developing this package as well as other packages in the r4photobiology suite.

High and low level functions

The package exports two sets of functions for many operations: low-level functions programmed following a functional paradigm, and higher-level functions using an object-oriented paradigm. The former functions take as arguments numeric vectors and are sometimes faster. The later ones take spectra objects as arguments, are easier to use, and at least at the moment, to some extent slower. For everyday use, methods for spectra objects are recommended, but when maximum performance or flexibility in scripts is desired, the use of the functions taking numeric vectors as arguments may allow optimizations that are not possible with the object-oriented functions. The differences in performance becomes relevant only in extreme cases such as processing in a single script tenths of thousands of spectra. In the vignettes we emphasize the use of the object-oriented classes and methods.

Example data

Data for several spectra are included for use in examples and vignettes, and in testing (Tables 1 and 2). Other packages in the ‘r4photobiology suite’ provide many additional data sets.


Table 1. Data sets included in the package: spectra. The CIE standard illuminant data in this package are normalized to one at \(\lambda = 560\,\)nm, while in the CIE standard they are normalized to 100 at the same wavelength. See documentation for each data object for details and data sources.

Object class units data description
sun.spct source_spct \(W\,m^{-2}\,nm^{-1}\) solar spectral irradiance
sun.daily.spct source_spct \(J\,m^{-2}\,d^{-1}\,nm^{-1}\) solar spectral exposure
sun.data data.frame \(W\,m^{-2}\,nm^{-1}\) solar spectral irradiance
sun.daily.data data.frame \(J\,m^{-2}\,d^{-1}\,nm^{-1}\) solar spectral exposure
D65.illuminant.spct source_spct (norm. 560 nm) CIE standard
A.illuminant.spct source_spct (norm. 560 nm) CIE standard
clear.spct filter_spct fraction ideal transparent filter
opaque.spct filter_spct fraction ideal opaque filter
polyester.spct filter_spct fraction plastic film
yellow_gel.spct filter_spct fraction theatrical gel filter
green_leaf.spct reflector_spct fraction a birch leaf
clear_body.spct object_spct fraction ideal transparent body
black_body.spct object_spct fraction ideal black body
white_body.spct object_spct fraction ideal white body
Ler_leaf.spct object_spct fraction Arabidopsis leaf
Ler_leaf_trns.spct filter_spct fraction Arabidopsis leaf (T total)
Ler_leaf_trns_i.spct filter_spct fraction Arabidopsis leaf (T internal)
Ler_leaf_rflt.spct reflector_spct fraction Arabidopsis leaf (R total)
water.spct solute_spct \(m^{-1}\) pure water molar att. coef.
phenylalanine solute_spct \(m^{-1}\) phenylalanine molar att. coef.
photodiode.spct response_spct \(A / W\) typical Si photodiode
ccd.spct response_spct \(A / W\) typical CCD array
white_led.raw_spct raw_spct counts example raw detector counts data
white_led.cps_spct cps_spct counts / s example detector counts data
white_led.source_spct source_spct \(W\,m^{-2}\,nm^{-1}\) spectral irradiance
filter_cps.mspct cps_mspct \(\mathrm{counts} / s\) example detector counts data


Table 2. Data sets included in the package: chromaticity data. See documentation for each data object for details and data sources.

Object class data description
ciexyzCC2.spct chroma_spct human chromaticity coordinates \(2^\circ\)
ciexyzCC10.spct chroma_spct human chromaticity coordinates \(10^\circ\)
ciexyzCMF2.spct chroma_spct human colour matching function \(2^\circ\)
ciexyzCMF10.spct chroma_spct human colour matching function \(10^\circ\)
ciev2.spct chroma_spct human luminous efficiency \(2^\circ\)
beesxyzCMF.spct chroma_spct bee colour matching function

Spectra

Package ‘photobiology’ defines a family of classes based on the tibble class, mostly compatible with R’s data frames. The present package by imposing some restrictions on the naming of the member vectors, allows methods to find the data when passed one of these objects as argument. In addition, as the data are checked when the object is built or modified, there is no need to test for their validity each time a calculation is carried out. Another advantage of using spectrum objects, is that specialized versions of generic functions like print and operators like + are defined for spectra. Objects of all the ..._spct classes are also tibble and data.frame objects, as a result of how classes have been derived.

In this package we define a generic or base spectrum class, derived from tibble, which in turn has been derived from data.frame. Classes for specialized types of spectra are derived from generic_spct. This parenthood hierarchy means that spectral objects can be used almost anywhere where a data.frame is expected (and also converted into data frames with R’s function as.data.frame()). Specializations of many methods including extraction (indexing) methods and partial assignment methods are defined to ensure that the expectations on the variables contained in objects of these classes remain valid in most situations. Other specializations of methods and functions are related to achieving a convenient and concise syntax tailored for spectral data as in the case of mathematical operators and functions.

Another important aspect is that when spectral data are stored in objects of these classes, the physical quantities and units of expression are also stored as metadata. Furthermore, attributes are used to keep track of both metadata related to the origin of the data and of later transformations that affect their interpretation, such as normalization or re-scaling. Although sanity tests are applied at the time of object creation, to a large extent the responsibility of ensuring that the numbers provided as argument to object constructors comply with expectations remains with the users of the package.

In addition to the classes for storing individual spectra, classes for storing collections of these spectral objects are defined. These classes are derived from class list and can contain member spectra of different lengths and measured at different wavelength values.

We give in this vignette brief descriptions and examples of the use of different classes, methods, functions and operators. We start with the simplest and most frequently used methods.

Getting started

We load two packages in addition to ‘photobiology’, ‘lubridate’ and ‘dplyr’, as they will be used in the examples.

library(photobiology)
library(lubridate)
library(dplyr)

Classes

Package ‘photobiology’ defines several classes intended to be used to store different types of spectral data. They are all derived from generic_spct, which in turn is derived from tibble::tibble. Table 1 lists these classes. Attributes are used to store metadata such as information about units of expression.


Table 1. Classes for spectral data. In addition to the required variables listed in the table, additional arbitrary variables are partly supported—some operations will not include them in returned values to avoid ambiguity and other possible conflicts. In addition to the attributes listed in the table, all spectral objects support attributes multiple.wl, idfactor, normalized, scaled, when.measured, where.measured, what.measured, how.measured plus the normal attributes of tibble (and data.frame) objects including comment. All these attributes plus attributes instrument.descriptor and instrument.settings are retained across operations on spectra as long as they remain valid.

Class name Required variables Attributes
generic_spct w.length
calib ration_spct w.length, irrad.mult instr.desc
raw_spct w.length, counts instr.desc, instr.settings, linearized
cps_spct w.length, cps instr.desc, instr.settings, linearized
source_spct w.length, s.e.irrad instr.desc, instr.settings, time.unit, bswf
w.length, s.q.irrad time.unit, bswf
filter_spct w.length, Tfr Tfr.type, filter.properties
w.length, A Tfr.type, filter.roperties
ref lector_spct w.length, Rfr Rfr.type
object_spct w.length, Tfr, Rfr Tfr.type, Rfr.type
re sponse_spct w.length, s.e.response time.unit
w.length, s.q.response time.unit
chroma_spct w.length, x, y, z
solute_spct w.length, K.mole K.type, solute,prperties
w.length, K.mass K.type, solute,prperties

The design imposes the restriction that data from different observations are never present as different data columns, if present, additional data columns represent different properties from the same observation event. In other words, the storage format is tidy as defined by Hadley Wickham. In most cases, one spectral object should correspond to one spectral observation, but some functions are compatible or can be used to create spectral objects where the spectral data from different observations are stored “longitudinally” and “tagged” with a factor with a level for each observation event. These observations must use consistent units of expression and attribute values. This long format is useful, for example, when producing plots with package ‘ggplot2’. If spectra are stored in long form, e.g. for plotting with ‘ggplot2’, attributes are stored as named lists or enforced to be the same across spectra. This allows to reconstruct a collection of spectra from a long-form spectral object and vice versa preserving most of the metadata.


Collections of spectra should be in general preferred to multiple spectra stored in a single spectral object. This is because collections are the “native” storage approach, supporting all operations efficiently. All operations that have as return value a spectrum are not implemented for spectral objects containing multiple spectra, while those summary methods that return a single numeric value for each spectrum are implemented by on-the-fly conversion of such spectra into collections.


Data assumptions

A key assumption of the package is that wavelengths are always expressed in manometers (\(1~\mathrm{nm} = 1 \cdot 10^{-9}\,\mathrm{m}\)). If the data to be analysed use different units for wavelengths, e.g. Ångstrom (\(1~\textrm{Å} = 1 \cdot 10^{-10}\,\mathrm{m}\)), the values need to be re-expressed before creating objects of the spectral classes. The same applies to all spectral quantities, as there is an expectation in every case, of using base SI units for expression. Table 2 lists the units of expression for the different variables and the metadata attributes that may determine variations in the expression of the quantities.


Table 2. Variables used for spectral data and their units of expression. A: as stored in objects of the spectral classes, B: also recognized by the set family of functions for spectra and automatically converted. time.unit accepts in addition to the character strings listed in the table, objects of classes lubridate::duration and period, in addition numeric values are interpreted as seconds. exposure.time accepts these same values, but not the character strings.

Variables Unit of expression Attribute value
A: stored
w.length nm
counts \(n\)
cps \(n\,s^{-1}\)
irrad.mult \(J\,m^{-2}\,nm^{-1}\,n^{-1}\)
s.e.irrad \(W\,m^{-2}\,nm^{-1}\) time.unit = “second”
s.e.irrad \(J\,m^{-2}\,d^{-1}\,nm^{-1}\) time.unit = “day”
s.e.irrad varies time.unit = duration
s.q.irrad \(mol\,m^{-2}\,s^{-1}\,nm^{-1}\) time.unit = “second”
s.q.irrad \(mol\,m^{-2}\,d^{-1}\,nm^{-1}\) time.unit = “day”
s.q.irrad \(mol\,m^{-2}\,nm^{-1}\) time.unit = “exposure”
s.q.irrad varies time.unit = duration
Tfr [0,1] Tfr.type = “total”
Tfr [0,1] Tfr.type = “internal”
A a.u.
Afr [0,1]
Rfr [0,1] Rfr.type = “total”
Rfr [0,1] Rfr.type = “specular”
s.e.response \(\mathit{x}\,J^{-1}\,s^{-1}\,nm^{-1}\) time.unit = “second”
s.e.response \(\mathit{x}\,mol^{-1}\,d^{-1}\,nm^{-1}\) time.unit = “day”
s.e.response \(\mathit{x}\,J^{-1}\,nm^{-1}\) time.unit = “exposure”
s.e.response varies time.unit = duration
s.q.response \(\mathit{x}\,mol^{-1}\,s^{-1}\,nm^{-1}\) time.unit = “second”
s.q.response \(\mathit{x}\,mol^{-1}\,d^{-1}\,nm^{-1}\) time.unit = “day”
s.q.response \(\mathit{x}\,mol^{-1}\,nm^{-1}\) time.unit = “exposure”
s.q.response varies time.unit = duration
x, y, z [0,1]
K.mole \(m^{-1}, \log_{10}\) based K.type = “attenuation”
K.mole \(m^{-1}, \log_{10}\) based K.type = “absorption”
K.mole \(m^{-1}, \log_{10}\) based K.type = “scattering”
B: converted
wl \(\to\) w.length nm
wavelength \(\to\) w.length nm
Tpc \(\to\) Tfr [0,100] Tfr.type = “total”
Tpc \(\to\) Tfr [0,100] Tfr.type = “internal”
Rpc \(\to\) Rfr [0,100] Rfr.type = “total”
Rpc \(\to\) Rfr [0,100] Rfr.type = “specular”
counts.per.second \(\to\) cps \(n\,s^{-1}\)
K.mole \(m^{-1}, \log_{e}\) based K.type = “attenuation”
K.mole \(m^{-1}, \log_{e}\) based K.type = “absorption”
K.mole \(m^{-1}, \log_{e}\) based K.type = “scattering”

Energy irradiance is assumed to be expressed in \(W\,m^{-2}\) and photon irradiances in \(mol^{-1}\,m^{-2}\,s^{-1}\), that is to say using second as unit for time and no SI scale factors for the measured variables. With respect to time, second is the default, but it is possible to set the unit for time to an arbitrary time duration such as day. Obviously, this applies only to rate variables like irradiance and response rates, but not to time-invariant intensive properties like transmittance of filters.

The default time unit used is second, but minute, hour, day and exposure can be used by supplying as arguments "minute", "hour", "day", or "exposure"—The meaning of "exposure" is the total exposure time, in other words, fluence instead of irradiance—to the constructor source_spct(). In addition to these character constants objects of class lubridate:duration are also accepted. In other words irradiance is a flux rate while exposure is a flux, as both are expressed per unit of illuminated area.

In the case of spectra of the molar attenuation coefficient we use \(\log_{10}\) as a base for the stored values but the constructor accepts data expressed in other log bases. The expected units are always in metres (\(m^{-1}\)) rather than the frequently used centimetres (\(cm^{-1}\)).

Transmittance, reflectance and absorptance are stored as fractions of one. The constructors also accept these quantities expressed as percentages, and convert them.

Most attributes are set when a spectral object is created, either using default values or with values supplied as arguments to the constructor. In many cases the default is NA used to indicate missing information.

Methods for querying and setting these attributes in already constructed objects are also available.


Not respecting the expectations about data inputs or setting erroneous values in the metadata attributes will yield completely wrong results if calculations are attempted! It is extremely important to make sure that the wavelengths are in nanometres as this is what all functions expect. If wavelength values are in the wrong units, the action-spectra weights and quantum to/from energy units conversions will be wrongly calculated, and the values returned by most functions wrong, without warning. Errors in some cases will be triggered at the time of object creation as the data input to constructors is tested to be within the expected range of values, which in the case of some quantities frequently allows detection of mistakes in the use unit scaling factors.


If spectral irradiance data is in \(W\,m^{-2}\,nm^{-1}\), and the wavelength in nm, as is the case for many Macam spectroradiometers, the data can be used directly and functions in the package will return irradiances in \(W\,m^{-2}\).

If, for example, the spectral irradiance data output by a spectroradiometer is expressed in \(mW\,m^{-2}\,nm^{-1}\), and the wavelengths are in Ångstrom then to obtain correct results when using any of the packages in the suite, we need to rescale the data when creating a new object.

# not run
my.spct <- source_spct(w.length = wavelength/10, s.e.irrad = irrad/1000)

In the example above, we take advantage of the behaviour of the R language: an operation between a scalar and a vector, is equivalent to applying this operation to each element of the vector. Consequently, in the code above, each value from the vector of wavelengths is divided by 10, and each value in the vector of spectral irradiances is divided by 1000.

Querying the class

Before giving examples of how to construct objects to store spectral data we show how to query the class of an object, and how to query the class of a spectrum. Consistently with R, the package provides is functions for querying the type of spectra objects. The only unusual function name, defined as a synonym for is.generic_spct: is.any_spct().

is.any_spct(sun.spct)
## [1] TRUE
is.generic_spct(sun.spct)
## [1] TRUE
is.source_spct(sun.spct)
## [1] TRUE
is.data.frame(sun.spct)
## [1] TRUE

In addition function class_spct() returns directly the spectrum-related class attributes—i.e. it filters out from the output of class() the underlying inherited classes.

class_spct(sun.spct)
## [1] "source_spct"  "generic_spct"
class(sun.spct)
## [1] "source_spct"  "generic_spct" "tbl_df"       "tbl"          "data.frame"

Construction

There are two different approaches to the creation of spectral objects by users. The first group are constructors similar to the data.frame() constructor, which take vectors as arguments. The second group are constructors that convert list objects, and because of class derivation also data.frame objects, into spectral objects. Constructors in this second group are similar to as.data.frame from base R. In contrast to the data frame constructors, spectral object constructors require the variables or the vector arguments to be suitably named so that they can be recognized.

Here we briefly describe the as constructor functions for spectra. In the first example we create an object to store spectral irradiance data for a fictitious light source, by first creating a data frame, and creating the spectral object as a copy of it. In the example below we supply a single value, 1, for the spectral irradiance. This value gets recycled as is normal in R, but of course in real use it is more usual to supply a vector of the same length as the w.length vector.

my.df <- data.frame(w.length = 400:410, s.e.irrad = 1)
my.spct <- as.source_spct(my.df)
class(my.spct)
## [1] "source_spct"  "generic_spct" "tbl_df"       "tbl"          "data.frame"
class(my.df)
## [1] "data.frame"
my.spct
## Object: source_spct [11 x 2]
## Wavelength range 400-410 nm, step 1 nm 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 11 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <int>     <dbl>
## 1      400         1
## 2      401         1
## 3      402         1
## 4      403         1
## # … with 7 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

We can copy and convert any spectrum object into any of its base clases, such as generic_spct or data.frame. This can result in the immediate and surely in the delayed loss of metadata when modified. In addition, objects downgraded to a base class support fewer operations and those still available may behave differently.

my.g.spct <- as.generic_spct(my.spct)
class(my.g.spct)
## [1] "generic_spct" "tbl_df"       "tbl"          "data.frame"

When constructing spectral objects from numeric vectors the names of the arguments are meaningful and convey information on the nature of the spectral data and basis of expression.

source_spct(w.length = 300:305, s.e.irrad = 1)
## Object: source_spct [6 x 2]
## Wavelength range 300-305 nm, step 1 nm 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 6 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <int>     <dbl>
## 1      300         1
## 2      301         1
## 3      302         1
## 4      303         1
## 5      304         1
## 6      305         1
z <- 300:305
y <- 2
source_spct(w.length = z, s.e.irrad = y)
## Object: source_spct [6 x 2]
## Wavelength range 300-305 nm, step 1 nm 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 6 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <int>     <dbl>
## 1      300         2
## 2      301         2
## 3      302         2
## 4      303         2
## 5      304         2
## 6      305         2

When argument names are not supplied explicitly as above, the names of the variables are used to identify the data vectors.

w.length <- 300:305
s.e.irrad <- 1
source_spct(w.length, s.e.irrad)
## Object: source_spct [6 x 2]
## Wavelength range 300-305 nm, step 1 nm 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 6 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <int>     <dbl>
## 1      300         1
## 2      301         1
## 3      302         1
## 4      303         1
## 5      304         1
## 6      305         1

The different constructors have additional arguments to be used in setting non-default values for the attributes. These arguments have the same name as the attributes. Here we used the data frame created in the first code chunk of this section.

my.d.spct <- as.source_spct(my.df, time.unit = "day")

Argument strict.range can be used to override or make more strict the validation of the data values.

source_spct(w.length = 300:305, s.e.irrad = -1)
## Warning in range_check(x, strict.range = strict.range): Negative spectral energy
## irradiance values; minimum s.e.irrad = -1.00
## Object: source_spct [6 x 2]
## Wavelength range 300-305 nm, step 1 nm 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 6 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <int>     <dbl>
## 1      300        -1
## 2      301        -1
## 3      302        -1
## 4      303        -1
## 5      304        -1
## 6      305        -1
source_spct(w.length = 300:305, s.e.irrad = -1, strict.range = NULL)
## Object: source_spct [6 x 2]
## Wavelength range 300-305 nm, step 1 nm 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 6 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <int>     <dbl>
## 1      300        -1
## 2      301        -1
## 3      302        -1
## 4      303        -1
## 5      304        -1
## 6      305        -1

Argument comment can be used to add a comment to the data at the time of construction.

my.cm.spct <- source_spct(w.length = 300:305, s.e.irrad = 1,
                          comment = "This is a comment")
comment(my.cm.spct)
## [1] "This is a comment"

The constructors treat unrecognized named arguments as data to create aditional columns in the spectral objects.

Metadata attributes

Metadata attributes are used in the spectral objects to store metadata in a consistently. These metadata are in some cases required for conversion among related physical quantities, while in other cases allow printing of ancillary information needed for interpretation, like units of expression. These metadata are also used in other packages in the suite, for example in ‘ggspectra’ to automatically produce axis labels, titles and annotations. A few attributes are simply a way or organizing the storage of information which is not used in any calculations, functioning as a kind of specialized comments. The metadata described in this section are stored in spectral objects using attributes, which are a normal feature of the R language. An example, is attribute time.unit used to indicate if spectral irradiance is expressed per second or integrated over some other time duration.

Attributes supported by all spectral objects

Some attributes are meaningful for all the classes of spectra defined in the package, while most others a specific to individual classes (Table 1). Those that apply to all spectral objects and their summaries are time of measurement using attribute "when.measured", place of measurement using attribute "where.measured", a user supplied label using attribute "what.measured", a label describing origin of the data using attribute "how.measured" and free-text comments. One can set and get comments stored in spectra by means of base R’s comment() and comment() <- functions and the other attributes listed above with functions following the same syntax and named after the attributes but replacing any . by _. Functions in this package may set additional attributes to keep track of the actions. For example when a spectrum is normalized or scaled a record of these action is kept in attributes. When spectra are are operated upon the metadata that is not invalidated will be merged when possible—e.g., comments of operands are concatenated comments and set as comment to the returned object.

Functions when_measured() and when_measured<-() are used for retrieving and setting the "when.measured" attribute to a date supplied as a POSIXct value. Note: we use POSIXct objects which describes instants in time in absolute terms as they include time zone information. Package lubridate makes entering and operating on POSIXct objects rather easy.

my.spct <- sun.spct
when_measured(my.spct) <-  NULL
when_measured(my.spct)
## [1] NA
when_measured(my.spct) <- lubridate::ymd_hms("2015-10-31 22:55:00", tz = "EET")
when_measured(my.spct)
## [1] "2015-10-31 20:55:00 UTC"

Functions where_measured() and where_measured<-() are used for retrieving and setting a geocode stored in a data.frame. This format is compatible with function geocode() from package ggmap. We pass latitude and longitude coordinates, as shown below. The returned value is always a data frame with columns "lon", "lat" and "address".

where_measured(my.spct) <- NULL
where_measured(my.spct)
## # A tibble: 1 × 3
##     lon   lat address
##   <dbl> <dbl> <chr>  
## 1    NA    NA <NA>
where_measured(my.spct) <- data.frame(lat = 60, lon = -10)
where_measured(my.spct)
## # A tibble: 1 × 3
##     lat   lon address
##   <dbl> <dbl> <chr>  
## 1    60   -10 <NA>
where_measured(my.spct) <- data.frame(lat = 60, lon = -10, address = "Somewhere")
where_measured(my.spct)
## # A tibble: 1 × 3
##     lat   lon address  
##   <dbl> <dbl> <chr>    
## 1    60   -10 Somewhere
my.spct
## Object: source_spct [522 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2015-10-31 20:55:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60 N, -10 E; Somewhere 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0         0
## 2     281.         0         0
## 3     282.         0         0
## 4     283.         0         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

Functions what_measured() and where_measured<-(), and how_measured() and how_measured<-() are used for retrieving or setting a text value containing information about what was measured to obtain the data.

what_measured(my.spct) <- "something"
what_measured(my.spct)
## [1] "something"
my.spct
## Object: source_spct [522 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: something 
## Measured on 2015-10-31 20:55:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60 N, -10 E; Somewhere 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0         0
## 2     281.         0         0
## 3     282.         0         0
## 4     283.         0         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

Functions using a different syntax are also available, for these and other attributes which are not likely to be set by users. Many of these additional attributes are meaningful only some types of spectra.

Attributes supported by source_spct objects

One example is the time unit used to express spectral irradiance. Functions are available for querying and setting the state if these attributes. is_ functions return a logical value, and get functions return the values of the attributes themselves. In addition set functions can be used to set the value stored in the attributes. Several of the set functions are very rarely needed in user code, as these attributes are set during construction or as a side effect of applying other functions and/or operators to the objects. Function setBSWFUsed() and other set functions are mainly useful to programmers extending the package, but only exceptionally to users. One exception is the case when a wrong value has been assigned by mistake and needs to be overwritten.

We can see in the printout that the time unit is reported in the header.

sun.spct
## Object: source_spct [522 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0         0
## 2     281.         0         0
## 3     282.         0         0
## 4     283.         0         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

For example function is_effective() returns TRUE if the spectral data has been weighted with a BSWF. The corresponding getBSWFUsed() function can be used, in this case to retrieve the name of the BSWF that was used. Here we demonstrate with one example, where we use a waveband object—constructed on-the-fly with a constructor function—, defining a range of wavelengths.

is_effective(sun.spct)
## [1] FALSE
is_effective(sun.spct * waveband(c(400, 700)))
## [1] FALSE

Sometimes it may be desired to change the time unit used for expressing spectral irradiance or spectral response, and this can be achieved with the conversion function convertTimeUnit. This function both converts spectral data to the new unit of expression and sets the time.unit attribute, preserving the validity of the data object.

ten.minutes.spct <-
  convertTimeUnit(sun.spct, time.unit = duration(10, "minutes"))
ten.minutes.spct
## Object: source_spct [522 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 600s (~10 minutes)
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0         0
## 2     281.         0         0
## 3     282.         0         0
## 4     283.         0         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
getTimeUnit(ten.minutes.spct)
## [1] "600s (~10 minutes)"

Attributes supported by filter_spct objects

A crucial information is whether transmittance (Tfr) is expressed as internal or total, stored in attribute Tfr.type, as this affects how absorptances and absorbances are computed. The key step is when a filter_spct object is created, when the user has to be careful to set this attribute correctly.

The objects from which transmittance can differ in additional properties that affect possible calculations. Attribute filter.properties is used to store these in an object with fields Rfr.constant, thickness and attenuation.mode. When these metadata are available, in many cases we can use function convertTfrType() to convert internal transmittance into total transmittance and vice versa and function convertThickness() to compute the spectral transmittance of a filter of the same material but different thickness.

These attributes are also allowed in the case of object_spct and reflector_spct and retained during class conversions between them and filter_spct objects.

They are included in the printout of filter.spct objects.

polyester.spct
## Object: filter_spct [561 x 2]
## Wavelength range 240-800 nm, step 1 nm 
## Label: clear polyester film 
## Transmittance of type 'total'
## Rfr (/1): 0.07, thickness (mm): 0.125, attenuation mode: absorption.
## 
## # A tibble: 561 × 2
##   w.length     Tfr
##      <int>   <dbl>
## 1      240 0.00482
## 2      241 0.00464
## 3      242 0.00446
## 4      243 0.00429
## # … with 557 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

We estimate the spectral transmittance of 2 mm-thick PET film.

convertThickness(polyester.spct, thickness = 2e-3)
## Object: filter_spct [561 x 2]
## Wavelength range 240-800 nm, step 1 nm 
## Label: clear polyester film 
## Transmittance of type 'total'
## Rfr (/1): 0.07, thickness (mm): 2, attenuation mode: absorption.
## 
## # A tibble: 561 × 2
##   w.length      Tfr
##      <int>    <dbl>
## 1      240 2.53e-37
## 2      241 1.38e-37
## 3      242 7.39e-38
## 4      243 3.85e-38
## # … with 557 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

Attributes instr_desc and instr_settings are used to store measurement-related metadata, describing the instrument used and its settings. These attributes are lists, with a few default fields and possibly unlimited special attributes. The present package provides functions for operating on them and print-outs include some of the default fields if the attribute is set. The expectation is that these attributes are set by other packages such as ‘ooacquire’ used for direct data acquisition or raw instrument data import.

These instrument-specific attributes can contain lots of information and bloat the size of spectral objects. Two methods, trimInstrDesc() and trimInstrSettings() can be used to discard parts of these metadata, such as instrument calibration information, once the raw data has been converted into physical units.



Spectral objects created with earlier (pre-release) versions of this package are missing some attributes. For this reason summary and plot functions may not work as expected with them. These very old objects can be updated by adding the missing attributes using functions setTimeUnit, setBSWFUsed, setTfrType and setRfrType. However, in many cases function update_spct can be used to set the missing attributes to default values, or the scripts re-run to rebuild the data objects from raw data.


Collections of spectra

Classes

The package defines several classes intended to be used to store collections of different types of spectral data. They are all derived from generic_mspct, which in turn is derived from list. Table 3 lists them.


Table 3. Classes for collections of spectral objects. Objects of class generic_mspct can have member objects of any class derived from generic_spct and can be heterogeneous, while the other classes support homogeneous collections of spectral objects. Attributes of these objects can be queried and set with the normal R methods attr and attributes as well as with functions defined in this package. See table 1 for the attributes used in individual member spectra of collections.

Class name Class of member objects Attributes
generic_mspct generic_spct names, dim, comment
calibration_mspct calibration_spct names, dim, comment
raw_mspct raw_spct names, dim, comment
cps_mspct cps_spct names, dim, comment
source_mspct source_spct names, dim, comment
filter_mspct filter_spct names, dim, comment
reflector_mspct reflector_spct names, dim, comment
object_mspct object_spct names, dim, comment
response_mspct response_spct names, dim, comment
chroma_mspct chroma_spct names, dim, comment
solute_mspct solute_spct names, dim, comment

Objects of these classes, except for class generic_mspct, can only contain members belonging the matching class of spectra. As all other spectral object classes are derived from generic_spct, generic_mspct objects can contain heterogeneous collections of spectra. In all cases, there are no restrictions on the lengths, wavelength range and/or wavelength step size, or attributes other than class of the contained spectra. Mimicking R’s arrays and matrices, a dim attribute is always present and dim methods are provided. This approach allows the storage of time series of spectral data, or (hyper)spectral image data, or even higher dimensional spectral data. The handling of 1D and 2D spectral collections is already implemented in the summary methods. Handling of 3D and higher dimensional data can be implemented in the future without changing the class definitions. By having implemented dim, also methods ncol and nrow are available as they use dim internally. Array-like subscripting collections of spectra is not implemented.

Construction

Constructors

We can construct a collection using a list of spectral objects as a starting point, in this case the spectral irradiance for sunlight.

two_suns.mspct <- source_mspct(list(sun1 = sun.spct, sun2 = sun.spct))
two_suns.mspct
## Object: source_mspct [2 x 1]
## --- Member: sun1 ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0         0
## 2     281.         0         0
## 3     282.         0         0
## 4     283.         0         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: sun2 ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0         0
## 2     281.         0         0
## 3     282.         0         0
## 4     283.         0         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---

We can also create heterogeneous collections, but this drastically limits the methods that are applicable to the resulting collection.

mixed.mspct <- generic_mspct(list(filter = polyester.spct, source = sun.spct))
class(mixed.mspct)
## [1] "generic_mspct" "list"
lapply(mixed.mspct, class_spct)
## $filter
## [1] "filter_spct"  "generic_spct"
## 
## $source
## [1] "source_spct"  "generic_spct"

Using as. functions

The as. coercion methods for collections of spectra, not only change the class of the collection object, but can also optionally apply the corresponding as. functions to the member objects. A copy of the original object is made and then class-converted and returned.

two_gen.mspct <- as.generic_mspct(two_suns.mspct)
class(two_gen.mspct)
## [1] "generic_mspct" "list"
str(two_gen.mspct, max.level = 1, give.attr = FALSE)
## List of 2
##  $ sun1: source_spct [522 × 3] (S3: source_spct/generic_spct/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ sun2: source_spct [522 × 3] (S3: source_spct/generic_spct/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)

In addition to coercion methods for lists of spectra objects, coercion methods are available for lists of data frames (or tibbles) and from matrix objects.

One additional feature is that if a single spectrum object or data frame are coerced into a collection of spectra, the behaviour is equivalent to having passed as argument a list containing such object as its only member.

one_sun.mspct <- as.source_mspct(sun.spct)
class(one_sun.mspct)
## [1] "source_mspct"  "generic_mspct" "list"
str(one_sun.mspct, max.level = 1, give.attr = FALSE)
## List of 1
##  $ spct_1: source_spct [522 × 3] (S3: source_spct/generic_spct/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)

Sometimes spectral data stored in a matrix need to be coerced into a collection of spectra. Coercion methods are defined also for this cases. Several spectra may be stored in a matrix either by row or by column, but this can be deduced automatically in the case of rectangular matrices. Wavelengths values are not expected to be part of the matrix, and need to be supplied as a separate numeric vector sorted in ascending order. As in a spectrum wavelength values never repeat, the vector of wavelengths is never recycled and uniqueness of values is enforced.

We here use artificial data, in this first example with spectra saved by column. We assume that the values in the matrix are spectral transmittance stored as percentages (hence “Tpc”).

x <- matrix(1:100, ncol = 2)
wl <- 501:550 # wavelengths in nanometres
as.filter_mspct(x, wl, "Tpc")
## Object: filter_mspct [0 x 3]
## --- Member: spct_1 ---
## Object: filter_spct [50 x 2]
## Wavelength range 501-550 nm, step 1 nm 
## Transmittance of type 'total'
## Rfr (/1): NA, thickness (mm): NA, attenuation mode: NA.
## 
## # A tibble: 50 × 2
##   w.length   Tfr
##      <int> <dbl>
## 1      501  0.01
## 2      502  0.02
## 3      503  0.03
## 4      504  0.04
## # … with 46 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: spct_2 ---
## Object: filter_spct [50 x 2]
## Wavelength range 501-550 nm, step 1 nm 
## Transmittance of type 'total'
## Rfr (/1): NA, thickness (mm): NA, attenuation mode: NA.
## 
## # A tibble: 50 × 2
##   w.length   Tfr
##      <int> <dbl>
## 1      501  0.51
## 2      502  0.52
## 3      503  0.53
## 4      504  0.54
## # … with 46 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---

In a second example we supply explicit names for the spectra.

as.filter_mspct(x, wl, "Tpc", spct.names = c("A", "B"))
## Object: filter_mspct [0 x 3]
## --- Member: A ---
## Object: filter_spct [50 x 2]
## Wavelength range 501-550 nm, step 1 nm 
## Transmittance of type 'total'
## Rfr (/1): NA, thickness (mm): NA, attenuation mode: NA.
## 
## # A tibble: 50 × 2
##   w.length   Tfr
##      <int> <dbl>
## 1      501  0.01
## 2      502  0.02
## 3      503  0.03
## 4      504  0.04
## # … with 46 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: B ---
## Object: filter_spct [50 x 2]
## Wavelength range 501-550 nm, step 1 nm 
## Transmittance of type 'total'
## Rfr (/1): NA, thickness (mm): NA, attenuation mode: NA.
## 
## # A tibble: 50 × 2
##   w.length   Tfr
##      <int> <dbl>
## 1      501  0.51
## 2      502  0.52
## 3      503  0.53
## 4      504  0.54
## # … with 46 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---

There is no change in the call for data stored by row. We create a new matrix, with the same data as above, but stored by row, as some R packages do.

xrow <- matrix(1:100, nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE)
as.filter_mspct(xrow, wl, "Tpc")
## Object: filter_mspct [0 x 3]
## --- Member: spct_1 ---
## Object: filter_spct [50 x 2]
## Wavelength range 501-550 nm, step 1 nm 
## Transmittance of type 'total'
## Rfr (/1): NA, thickness (mm): NA, attenuation mode: NA.
## 
## # A tibble: 50 × 2
##   w.length   Tfr
##      <int> <dbl>
## 1      501  0.01
## 2      502  0.02
## 3      503  0.03
## 4      504  0.04
## # … with 46 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: spct_2 ---
## Object: filter_spct [50 x 2]
## Wavelength range 501-550 nm, step 1 nm 
## Transmittance of type 'total'
## Rfr (/1): NA, thickness (mm): NA, attenuation mode: NA.
## 
## # A tibble: 50 × 2
##   w.length   Tfr
##      <int> <dbl>
## 1      501  0.51
## 2      502  0.52
## 3      503  0.53
## 4      504  0.54
## # … with 46 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---

There is only one case when an explicit argument for byrow is needed: square matrices (same number of spectra as of wavelength values in each spectrum).

When coercing collections of spectra into matrices, the metadata contained in the individual spectral objects is discarded, and only the "comment" attribute of the collection of spectra copied to the returned object. The wavelength values are preserved in an attribute named “w.length”, but are not included as part of the matrix.

two_suns.mat <- as.matrix(two_suns.mspct, "s.e.irrad")
class(two_suns.mat)
## [1] "matrix" "array"
dim(two_suns.mat)
## [1] 522   2
head(dimnames(two_suns.mat)$spct)
## [1] "sun1" "sun2"
head(dimnames(two_suns.mat)$w.length)
## [1] "280"              "280.923076923077" "281.846153846154" "282.769230769231"
## [5] "283.692307692308" "284.615384615385"
head(attr(two_suns.mat, "w.length"))
## [1] 280.0000 280.9231 281.8462 282.7692 283.6923 284.6154

The argument byrow in the coercion into matrix methods has the same meaning as in the matrix constructor function.

two_suns.row_mat <- as.matrix(two_suns.mat, "s.e.irrad", byrow = TRUE)
class(two_suns.row_mat)
## [1] "matrix" "array"
dim(two_suns.row_mat)
## [1] 522   2
head(dimnames(two_suns.row_mat)$spct)
## [1] "sun1" "sun2"
head(attr(two_suns.row_mat, "w.length"))
## [1] 280.0000 280.9231 281.8462 282.7692 283.6923 284.6154

Collections of spectra have a dim attribute but it is discarded as it describes dimensions that could require spectral data to be stored in a three dimensional array and cannot be mapped to the two dimensions of a matrix.

These functions are not fully automatic, the user needs to provide the name of the variable to extract from each spectrum. If the wavelength values are not consistent among spectra, only those with the same values as the first spectrum in the collection are retained and the remaining ones dropped with a warning.

Converting tidy data

Spectral objects containing multiple spectra identified by a factor can be created by row-binding compatible spectral objects. For for binding to succeed, the list of spectra passed as argument must be homogeneous with respect to member class, as well as for certain attributes such as time.unit. Other metadata attributes are retained as named lists or multi-row data frames.

two_suns.spct <- rbindspct(list(a = sun.spct, b = sun.spct / 2))
two_suns.spct
## Object: source_spct [1,044 x 4]
## containing 2 spectra in long form
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## a label: sunlight, simulated
## b label: sunlight, simulated 
## a measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC
## b measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 1,044 × 4
##   w.length s.e.irrad spct.idx s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl> <fct>        <dbl>
## 1     280          0 a                0
## 2     281.         0 a                0
## 3     282.         0 a                0
## 4     283.         0 a                0
## # … with 1,040 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

The reverse operation, separating the individual spectra from a spectrum object containing multiple spectra in long form and storing them as a collection, is implemented in method subset2mspct. In this case, metadata is set for the individual spectra if it is available in the object being subset. What metadata is automatically stored depends on the version of this package used when creating the long form spectrum object by means of rbindspct(). Versions 0.9.14 and later preserve most of the metadata.

subset2mspct(two_suns.spct)
## Object: source_mspct [2 x 1]
## --- Member: a ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0         0
## 2     281.         0         0
## 3     282.         0         0
## 4     283.         0         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: b ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0         0
## 2     281.         0         0
## 3     282.         0         0
## 4     283.         0         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---

If multiple spectra are stored in long form (as tidy data) in an ordinary data.frame or a tibble object with columns with suitable names, the same subset2mspct method can be used. In these case, arguments indicating the target class for conversion and supplying the name of the index variable encoding the grouping into multiple spectra need to be supplied. A call as in the example below, adds only default metadata to spectral objects.

test1.df <- data.frame(w.length = rep(200:210, 2),
                       s.e.irrad = rep(c(1, 2), c(11, 11)),
                       spectrum = factor(rep(c("A", "B"), c(11,11))))
subset2mspct(test1.df, member.class = "source_spct", idx.var = "spectrum")
## Object: source_mspct [2 x 1]
## --- Member: A ---
## Object: source_spct [11 x 2]
## Wavelength range 200-210 nm, step 1 nm 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 11 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <int>     <dbl>
## 1      200         1
## 2      201         1
## 3      202         1
## 4      203         1
## # … with 7 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: B ---
## Object: source_spct [11 x 2]
## Wavelength range 200-210 nm, step 1 nm 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 11 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <int>     <dbl>
## 1      200         2
## 2      201         2
## 3      202         2
## 4      203         2
## # … with 7 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---

If all member spectra share the same metadata, and the constructor has a parameter allowing it to be set, it can be passed as a named argument.

subset2mspct(test1.df, member.class = "source_spct", idx.var = "spectrum",
             time.unit = "day")
## Object: source_mspct [2 x 1]
## --- Member: A ---
## Object: source_spct [11 x 2]
## Wavelength range 200-210 nm, step 1 nm 
## Time unit 86400s (~1 days)
## 
## # A tibble: 11 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <int>     <dbl>
## 1      200         1
## 2      201         1
## 3      202         1
## 4      203         1
## # … with 7 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: B ---
## Object: source_spct [11 x 2]
## Wavelength range 200-210 nm, step 1 nm 
## Time unit 86400s (~1 days)
## 
## # A tibble: 11 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <int>     <dbl>
## 1      200         2
## 2      201         2
## 3      202         2
## 4      203         2
## # … with 7 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---

To directly convert a tidy data frame into a long form spectral object we need to pass the number of spectra through parameter multiple.wl to override the usual check for unique wavelength values (default is multiple.wl = 1L).

test2.df <- test1.df
setSourceSpct(test2.df, multiple.wl = 2L)
getMultipleWl(test2.df)
## [1] 2

If multiple.wl = NULL a suitable value is guessed from the data frame passed as first argument. This should work in most cases, but is more time consuming. Using this approach in addition disables the check for a fixed number of spectra.

test3.df <- test1.df
setSourceSpct(test3.df, multiple.wl = NULL)
getMultipleWl(test3.df)
## [1] 2

Converting untidy data frames

In a broad form (or untidy) data.frame the spectral values for different spectra are stored side-by-side as columns, and a single additional column used to store the shared wavelength values. To create a collection of spectral objects, with each member containing a single spectrum, we use function split2source_mspct and its equivalents for the remaining classes of spectral objects (class is determined by the function used, and columns which are not numeric are skipped). The column containing wavelength values in nanometres is recognized by means of its name. The names used for the spectra in the collection are derived from the names of the columns containing spectral values.

test2.df <- data.frame(w.length = 200:210, A = 1, B = 2, z = "A")
split2source_mspct(test2.df)
## Warning in split2mspct(x = x, member.class = "source_spct", spct.data.var =
## spct.data.var, : Skipping non-numeric column in x: z
## Object: source_mspct [2 x 1]
## --- Member: A ---
## Object: source_spct [11 x 2]
## Wavelength range 200-210 nm, step 1 nm 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 11 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <int>     <dbl>
## 1      200         1
## 2      201         1
## 3      202         1
## 4      203         1
## # … with 7 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: B ---
## Object: source_spct [11 x 2]
## Wavelength range 200-210 nm, step 1 nm 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 11 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <int>     <dbl>
## 1      200         2
## 2      201         2
## 3      202         2
## 4      203         2
## # … with 7 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---
split2source_mspct(test2.df, spct.data.var = "s.q.irrad")
## Warning in split2mspct(x = x, member.class = "source_spct", spct.data.var =
## spct.data.var, : Skipping non-numeric column in x: z
## Object: source_mspct [2 x 1]
## --- Member: A ---
## Object: source_spct [11 x 2]
## Wavelength range 200-210 nm, step 1 nm 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 11 × 2
##   w.length s.q.irrad
##      <int>     <dbl>
## 1      200         1
## 2      201         1
## 3      202         1
## 4      203         1
## # … with 7 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: B ---
## Object: source_spct [11 x 2]
## Wavelength range 200-210 nm, step 1 nm 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 11 × 2
##   w.length s.q.irrad
##      <int>     <dbl>
## 1      200         2
## 2      201         2
## 3      202         2
## 4      203         2
## # … with 7 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---

Also in this case, it is possible to pass additional named arguments to the constructor of spectral objects.

split2source_mspct(test2.df, spct.data.var = "s.q.irrad", time.unit = "day")
## Warning in split2mspct(x = x, member.class = "source_spct", spct.data.var =
## spct.data.var, : Skipping non-numeric column in x: z
## Object: source_mspct [2 x 1]
## --- Member: A ---
## Object: source_spct [11 x 2]
## Wavelength range 200-210 nm, step 1 nm 
## Time unit 86400s (~1 days)
## 
## # A tibble: 11 × 2
##   w.length s.q.irrad
##      <int>     <dbl>
## 1      200         1
## 2      201         1
## 3      202         1
## 4      203         1
## # … with 7 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: B ---
## Object: source_spct [11 x 2]
## Wavelength range 200-210 nm, step 1 nm 
## Time unit 86400s (~1 days)
## 
## # A tibble: 11 × 2
##   w.length s.q.irrad
##      <int>     <dbl>
## 1      200         2
## 2      201         2
## 3      202         2
## 4      203         2
## # … with 7 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---

Conversion into a “wide” data frame

Sometimes, when exporting spectral data we may need to convert a collection of spectra into an untidy or wide form data frame. In the example below we use a collection with only two member spectra, but join_mspct() can handle collections of any length.

my.mspct <- source_mspct(list(sun1 = sun.spct, sun2 = sun.spct * 2))
my.df <- join_mspct(my.mspct)
head(my.df)
##   w.length sun1 sun2
## 1 280.0000    0    0
## 2 280.9231    0    0
## 3 281.8462    0    0
## 4 282.7692    0    0
## 5 283.6923    0    0
## 6 284.6154    0    0

Querying the class

is. functions are defined for all the new classes. R’s class method can also be used.

is.source_mspct(two_suns.mspct)
## [1] TRUE
class(two_suns.mspct)
## [1] "source_mspct"  "generic_mspct" "list"

In addition to using class to query the class of the collection, we can use base R’s lapply together with class or class_spct to query the class of each of the members of the collection.

is.filter_mspct(mixed.mspct)
## [1] FALSE
is.any_mspct(mixed.mspct)
## [1] TRUE
class(mixed.mspct)
## [1] "generic_mspct" "list"
lapply(mixed.mspct, class_spct)
## $filter
## [1] "filter_spct"  "generic_spct"
## 
## $source
## [1] "source_spct"  "generic_spct"
lapply(mixed.mspct, class)
## $filter
## [1] "filter_spct"  "generic_spct" "tbl_df"       "tbl"          "data.frame"  
## 
## $source
## [1] "source_spct"  "generic_spct" "tbl_df"       "tbl"          "data.frame"

Extract, replace and combine

R’s extraction and replacement methods have specializations for collections of spectra and can be used with the same syntax and functionality as for R lists. However they test the class and validity of the returned objects and replacement members.


Methods [, and [<-, extract and replace parts of the collection, respectively. Even when only one member is extracted, the returned value is a collection of spectra. The expected replacement value is also, always a collection of spectra.


# not run as this triggers an error when building the vignette with 'devtools'
two_suns.mspct[1]
two_suns.mspct[1:2]

Avoid code like that in the chunk bellow. Collections of spectra are named lists, consequently assigning by position as shown here swaps the values without swapping the names of the slots!

# not run as this triggers an error when building the vignette with 'devtools'
two_suns.mspct[1:2] <- two_suns.mspct[2:1]

Methods [[, $ and [[<-, extract and replace individual members of the collection, respectively. They always return or expect objects of one of the spectral classes.


two_suns.mspct[[1]]
## Object: source_spct [522 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0         0
## 2     281.         0         0
## 3     282.         0         0
## 4     283.         0         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
two_suns.mspct$sun1
## Object: source_spct [522 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0         0
## 2     281.         0         0
## 3     282.         0         0
## 4     283.         0         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
two_suns.mspct[["sun1"]]
## Object: source_spct [522 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0         0
## 2     281.         0         0
## 3     282.         0         0
## 4     283.         0         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
two_suns.mspct[["sun1"]] <- sun.spct * 2
two_suns.mspct[["sun2"]] <- NULL
two_suns.mspct
## Object: source_mspct [1 x 1]
## --- Member: sun1 ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---

As with R’s list objects, can combine collections of spectra with method c() but we can not create new collections from individual spectra using this method.

c(two_suns.mspct, mixed.mspct)
## Object: generic_mspct [3 x 1]
## --- Member: sun1 ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: filter ---
## Object: filter_spct [561 x 2]
## Wavelength range 240-800 nm, step 1 nm 
## Label: clear polyester film 
## Transmittance of type 'total'
## Rfr (/1): 0.07, thickness (mm): 0.125, attenuation mode: absorption.
## 
## # A tibble: 561 × 2
##   w.length     Tfr
##      <int>   <dbl>
## 1      240 0.00482
## 2      241 0.00464
## 3      242 0.00446
## 4      243 0.00429
## # … with 557 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: source ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0         0
## 2     281.         0         0
## 3     282.         0         0
## 4     283.         0         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---

Transform or apply functions

For our apply functions we follow the naming convention used in package plyr, but using ms as prefix for _mspct objects. The apply functions implemented in the ‘photobiology’ package are msmsply, msdply, mslply and msaply which both accept a collection of spectra as first argument and return a collection of spectra, a data frame, a list, or an array respectively (see Table 4).


Table 4. Apply functions for collections of spectra. Key: v., value returned by apply function; f.v., value returned by the applied function (argument .fun). In the table generic_mspct and generic_spct indicate objects of these classes or any class derived from them. The exact class of the collection of spectra object returned will be determined by the class(es) of the values returned by the applied function.

apply function first arg. class v. class f.v. class f.v. length f.v. dims
msmsply generic_mspct generic_mspct generic_spct 1 any
msdply generic_mspct data.frame numeric \(1\ldots n\) 1
mslply generic_mspct list any any any
msaply generic_mspct vector any simple 1 0
msaply generic_mspct matrix any simple \(2\ldots n\) \(2\ldots n\)
concolve_each generic_mspct generic_mspct generic_spct 1 any

Functions msmsply(), msdply and mslply can be used to apply a function to each member spectrum in a collection. The apply function to use depends on the return value of the applied function.

In the case of msmsply() the applied function is expected to return a transformed spectrum as another object of class generic_spct or a class derived from it. The value returned by msmsply is a collection of spectra, of a type determined by the class(es) of the member spectra in the new collection.

We start with a simple example in which we add a constant to each spectrum in the collection

two.mspct <- source_mspct(list(A = sun.spct * 1, B = sun.spct * 2))
msmsply(two.mspct, `+`, 0.1)
## Object: source_mspct [2 x 1]
## --- Member: A ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280        0.1
## 2     281.       0.1
## 3     282.       0.1
## 4     283.       0.1
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: B ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280        0.1
## 2     281.       0.1
## 3     282.       0.1
## 4     283.       0.1
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---

and continue with a more complex example in which we trim each spectrum

msmsply(two.mspct, trim_wl, range = c(281, 500), fill = NA)
## Object: source_mspct [2 x 1]
## --- Member: A ---
## Object: source_spct [525 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 1.023182e-12-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 525 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280         NA
## 2     281.        NA
## 3     281.        NA
## 4     281          0
## # … with 521 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: B ---
## Object: source_spct [525 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 1.023182e-12-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 525 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280         NA
## 2     281.        NA
## 3     281.        NA
## 4     281          0
## # … with 521 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---

In the second example we pass two arguments by name to the applied function. The number of arguments is not fixed, but the spectrum will be always passed as the first argument to the function.

In the case of msdply() the applied function is expected to return an R object of the same length for each of the member spectra.

msdply(two.mspct, max)
## # A tibble: 2 × 2
##   spct.idx max.wl
##   <fct>     <dbl>
## 1 A           800
## 2 B           800
ranges.df <- msdply(two.mspct, range)
ranges.df
## # A tibble: 2 × 3
##   spct.idx min.wl max.wl
##   <fct>     <dbl>  <dbl>
## 1 A           280    800
## 2 B           280    800
cat(comment(ranges.df))
## Applied function: 'range'.
msdply(two.mspct, range, na.rm = TRUE)
## # A tibble: 2 × 3
##   spct.idx min.wl max.wl
##   <fct>     <dbl>  <dbl>
## 1 A           280    800
## 2 B           280    800

In the case of mslply() the applied function is expected to return an R object of any length, possibly variable among members.

str(mslply(two.mspct, names))
## List of 2
##  $ A: chr [1:2] "w.length" "s.e.irrad"
##  $ B: chr [1:2] "w.length" "s.e.irrad"
##  - attr(*, "comment")= chr "Applied function: 'names'.\n"

In the case of msaply() the applied function is expected to return an R object of length 1, although a list with dimensions will be returned for longer return values.

str(msaply(two.mspct, max))
##  num [1:2] 800 800
##  - attr(*, "comment")= chr "Applied function: 'max'.\n"
str(msaply(two.mspct, range))
##  num [1:2, 1:2] 280 280 800 800
##  - attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
##   ..$ : NULL
##   ..$ : chr [1:2] "1" "2"
##  - attr(*, "comment")= chr "Applied function: 'range'.\n"

For the most common cases for which one would use the apply functions described in the previous section methods and functions for operations on collections of spectra are defined in the package. These methods are described in a later section and listed in Table 9.

Summary spectra

Starting from a collection of spectra we may want to obtain a single spectrum containing a summary of them. The current implementation of the methods described in this section expects that all spectra in a collection are of the same class, and data is available for each of them at exactly the same set of wavelengths.

functions class of argument class of returned spectrum variables in spectrum
s_sum source_mspct source_spct same as input
s_sum response_mspct response_spct same as input
s_sum filter_mspct generic_spct input tagged .sum
s_sum reflector_mspct generic_spct input tagged .sum
s_sum calibration_mspct generic_spct input tagged .sum
s_prod source_mspct source_spct input tagged .prod
s_prod response_mspct response_spct input tagged .prod
s_prod filter_mspct filter_spct same as input
s_prod reflector_mspct reflector_spct same as input
s_prod calibration_mspct generic_spct input tagged .prod
s_mean or s_median source_mspct source_spct same as input
s_mean or s_median response_mspct response_spct same as input
s_mean or s_median filter_mspct filter_spct same as input
s_mean or s_median reflector_mspct reflector_spct same as input
s_mean or s_median calibration_mspct calibration_spct same as input
s_var, s_se or s_sd source_mspct generic_spct input tagged .var, .se or .sd
s_var, s_se or s_sd response_mspct generic_spct input tagged .var, .se or .sd
s_var, s_se or s_sd filter_mspct generic_spct input tagged .var, .se or .sd
s_var, s_se or s_sd reflector_mspct generic_spct input tagged .var, .se or .sd
s_var, s_se or s_sd calibration_mspct generic_spct input tagged .var, .se or .sd
s_mean_se source_mspct source_spct same as input plus col. tagged .se
s_mean_se response_mspct response_spct same as input plus col. tagged .se
s_mean_se filter_mspct filter_spct same as input plus col. tagged .se
s_mean_se reflector_mspct reflector_spct same as input plus col. tagged .se
s_mean_se calibration_mspct calibration_spct same as input plus col. tagged .se
s_range source_mspct generic_spct input tagged .min and .max
s_range response_mspct generic_spct input tagged .min and .max
s_range filter_mspct generic_spct input tagged .min and .max
s_range reflector_mspct generic_spct input tagged .min and .max
s_range calibration_mspct generic_spct input tagged .min and .max

The calculations are done wavelength by wavelength yielding a spectrum at the same wavelengths than those in the input. Removal of NA values is done wavelength by wavelength. As shown in the table above, depending on the operation the returned quantity may be equivalent or not to the quantity in the input. When the quantity changes, even if units of expression remain the same, the name of the variable and class of the returned spectrum are different to those in the input.

Methods in this “family” are fast and are specially useful for large collections of spectra containing even thousands of individual spectra. Nonetheless, for the example below we use a collection of two spectra. As computing the mean returns values of the same quantity as in the input the returned value is a source_spct object, in other words of the same class as the members of two.mspct.

s_mean(two.mspct)
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: Mean of 2 source_spct objects. 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

When we compute the standard error, the quantity returned is not the same. Consequently, the object returned is in this case a generic_spct instead of source_spc as it does not contain spectral irradiance data as the input did. The variable name is in addition tagged with .se to advertise the change in the quantity.

s_se(two.mspct)
## Object: generic_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: Standard error for 2 source_spct objects. 
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad.se
##      <dbl>        <dbl>
## 1     280             0
## 2     281.            0
## 3     282.            0
## 4     283.            0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

We can also compute both the mean and standard error simultaneously.

s_mean_se(two.mspct)
## Object: source_spct [522 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: Mean and SEM of 2 source_spct objects. 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.e.irrad.se
##      <dbl>     <dbl>        <dbl>
## 1     280          0            0
## 2     281.         0            0
## 3     282.         0            0
## 4     283.         0            0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

The other functions in this family work in a similar way to those described here.

Convolution

By convolution we normally mean the multiplication value by value at matching wavelengths of two spectra. The function described in this section facilitates this and similar operations among collections of spectra. An example use case could be the convolution of spectral irradiance by spectral transmittance for all combinations of light sources and filters in a collection of source spectra and a collection of filter spectra.

Default operator (or function) is that for multiplication, either one or both of the two first arguments must be a collection of spectra. When only one argument is a collection of spectra, the other one can be a spectrum, or even a numeric vector. For multiplication the order of the operands does not affect the returned value. With operators or functions for non-transitive operations the order does matter.

convolve_each(two.mspct, sun.spct)
## Object: source_mspct [2 x 1]
## --- Member: A ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: B ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---
convolve_each(sun.spct, two.mspct)
## Object: source_mspct [2 x 1]
## --- Member: A ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: B ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---
another_two.mspct <- two.mspct
names(another_two.mspct) <- c("a", "b")
convolve_each(another_two.mspct, two.mspct)
## Object: source_mspct [2 x 2]
## --- Member: a_A ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: a_B ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: b_A ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: b_B ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---

The function convolve_each will use other operators or functions and even pass additional named arguments when these are supplied as arguments.

convolve_each(two.mspct, sun.spct, oper = `+`)
## Object: source_mspct [2 x 1]
## --- Member: A ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: B ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---

There are cases where functions convolve_each() and msmsply() can be both used, but there are also cases where their differences matter. An example is convolving two collections of spectra, a case where only convolve_each() can be used. In contrast, when one of the arguments is not a spectrum or a collection of spectra, msmsply() should be used instead.


Metadata attributes

Some of the set and get functions used with attributes have method definitions for collections of spectra. Some examples follow.

when_measured(two.mspct)
## # A tibble: 2 × 2
##   spct.idx when.measured      
##   <fct>    <dttm>             
## 1 A        2010-06-22 09:51:00
## 2 B        2010-06-22 09:51:00
when_measured(two.mspct) <- ymd("2015-10-31", tz = "EET")
when_measured(two.mspct)
## # A tibble: 2 × 2
##   spct.idx when.measured      
##   <fct>    <dttm>             
## 1 A        2015-10-30 22:00:00
## 2 B        2015-10-30 22:00:00
when_measured(two.mspct) <- list(ymd_hm("2015-10-31 10:00", tz = "EET"),
                                 ymd_hm("2015-10-31 11:00", tz = "EET"))
when_measured(two.mspct)
## # A tibble: 2 × 2
##   spct.idx when.measured      
##   <fct>    <dttm>             
## 1 A        2015-10-31 08:00:00
## 2 B        2015-10-31 09:00:00
two.mspct
## Object: source_mspct [2 x 1]
## --- Member: A ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2015-10-31 08:00:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: B ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2015-10-31 09:00:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---

Other methods available are getWhereMeasured and setWhereMeasured, and getWhatMeasured and setWhatMeasured.

Functions when.measured2tb(), geocode2tb(), lon2tb(), lat2tb() and what.measured2tb() extract these same attributes from collection members into a tibble or data frame. In contrast to the “get” methods described above, if an existing data frame or tibble with a matching number of rows is passed as second argument, the values for the attribute are saved into a new column appended at the right edge of the tibble or data frame.

when_measured2tb(two.mspct)
## # A tibble: 2 × 2
##   spct.idx when.measured      
##   <fct>    <dttm>             
## 1 A        2015-10-31 08:00:00
## 2 B        2015-10-31 09:00:00

By default the new column is named after the name of the attribute, but this default can be overridden by the user.

when_measured2tb(two.mspct, col.names = c(when.measured = "time"))
## # A tibble: 2 × 2
##   spct.idx time               
##   <fct>    <dttm>             
## 1 A        2015-10-31 08:00:00
## 2 B        2015-10-31 09:00:00

Function spct_metadata() returns the metadata in a tibble. Unless the user supplies a list of names of attributes, all applicable metadata values are returned. A single spectrum or a collection of spectra can be passed. By default columns containing only missing data are dropped.

spct_metadata(two.mspct)
## # A tibble: 2 × 10
##   spct.idx   lat   lon address       when.measured       what.…¹ norma…² multi…³
##   <fct>    <dbl> <dbl> <chr>         <dttm>              <chr>     <dbl>   <dbl>
## 1 A         60.2  25.0 Kumpula, Hel… 2015-10-31 08:00:00 sunlig…       0       1
## 2 B         60.2  25.0 Kumpula, Hel… 2015-10-31 09:00:00 sunlig…       0       1
## # … with 2 more variables: time.unit <dbl>, bswf.used <chr>, and abbreviated
## #   variable names ¹​what.measured, ²​normalized, ³​multiplier
## # ℹ Use `colnames()` to see all variable names
spct_metadata(two.mspct, 
              col.names = c("when.measured" = "time", 
                            "where.measured" = "geocode"),
              unnest = FALSE)
## # A tibble: 2 × 3
##   spct.idx time                geocode         
##   <fct>    <dttm>              <named list>    
## 1 A        2015-10-31 08:00:00 <tibble [1 × 3]>
## 2 B        2015-10-31 09:00:00 <tibble [1 × 3]>

Function add_attr2tb() adds one or more columns with attributes to a tibble or data frame. We here also demonstrate that because the data frame object is passed to the first positional argument, we can use a pipe. This difference in interface is the main difference between this function and spct_metadata().

q_irrad(two.mspct) %>%
  add_attr2tb(two.mspct, 
              col.names = c("lon", "lat", "when.measured"))
## # A tibble: 2 × 5
##   spct.idx Q_Total   lon   lat when.measured      
##   <fct>      <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dttm>             
## 1 A        0.00126  25.0  60.2 2015-10-31 08:00:00
## 2 B        0.00251  25.0  60.2 2015-10-31 09:00:00

We can set the desired names for the columns if we wish them to be something else than the default.

q_irrad(two.mspct) %>%
  add_attr2tb(two.mspct, 
              col.names = c(lon = "longitude", 
                            lat = "latitude", 
                            when.measured = "time"))
## # A tibble: 2 × 5
##   spct.idx Q_Total longitude latitude time               
##   <fct>      <dbl>     <dbl>    <dbl> <dttm>             
## 1 A        0.00126      25.0     60.2 2015-10-31 08:00:00
## 2 B        0.00251      25.0     60.2 2015-10-31 09:00:00

Wavebands

When a range of wavelengths or a range of wavelengths plus a spectral weighting function (SWF) is needed for radiation summaries or transformations, methods, operators and functions defined in package ‘photobiology’ use waveband objects to store these data. A few other bits of information can be included to fine-tune calculations. The waveband definitions do NOT describe whether input spectral irradiances are photon or energy based, nor whether the output irradiance will be based on photon or energy units. All waveband objects belong to the S3 class waveband.

A waveband stores the boundaries of a range of wavelengths, \(\lambda_1\) and \(\lambda_2\), so that wavelengths within \(\lambda_1 \ge \lambda > \lambda_2\) belong to the waveband. If the waveband describes a spectral weighting function, in addition to the range, two formulations of the function used to compute the weights as a function of wavelength are also stored, \(w_E(\lambda)\) and \(w_Q(\lambda)\) to be used with energy- or photon based irradiances.

Spectral weighting functions are normally used to compute effective irradiances. In the current implementation their use is limited to this case, while for other summaries only the wavelength range is made use of, even when weighting functions are available.

Construction

To create a waveband object we use constructor function waveband, and optionally giving a name to it. We will use these objects in many of the examples below, so you will need to run the code chunk bellow to be able to reproduce those examples. It should be noted that waveband constructors for the most frequently used wavelength-range definitions are provided by package ‘photobiologyWavebands’.

PAR.wb <- waveband(c(400, 700), wb.name = "PAR")
UVA.wb <- waveband(c(315, 400), wb.name = "UVA")
UVB.wb <- waveband(c(280, 315), wb.name = "UVB")
UVC.wb <- waveband(c(100, 280), wb.name = "UVC")
UV.wb  <- waveband(c(100, 400), wb.name =  "UV")
UV_bands.lst <- list(UVC.wb, UVB.wb, UVA.wb)

When including a BSWF, we can supply, one or two versions of functions returning the weights as a function of wavelength. Several such functions are defined in package ‘photobiologyWavebands’ as well as waveband constructors using them. Here we show how a waveband can be defined based on a SWF, using the CIE definition for the erythemal spectral weighting function. Although the constructor is smart enough to derive the missing function when only one function is supplied, performance may suffer unless two performance-optimized function are provided, one for energy-based effect and a second one for photon-based effect.

CIE_e_fun <-
function(w.length){
    CIE.energy <- numeric(length(w.length))
    CIE.energy[w.length <= 298] <- 1
    CIE.energy[(w.length > 298) & (w.length <= 328)] <-
      10^(0.094*(298-w.length[(w.length > 298) & (w.length <= 328)]))
    CIE.energy[(w.length > 328) & (w.length <= 400)] <-
      10^(0.015*(139-w.length[(w.length > 328) & (w.length <= 400)]))
    CIE.energy[w.length > 400] <- 0
    return(CIE.energy)
}
CIE.wb <- waveband(c(250, 400), weight = "SWF",
                   SWF.e.fun = CIE_e_fun, SWF.norm = 298)

Another case where you might want to enter the same function twice, is if you are using an absorptance spectrum as SWF, as the percent of radiation absorbed will be independent of whether photon or energy units are used for the spectral irradiance.

The first argument to waveband() does not need to be a numeric vector of length two. Any R object of a class that supplies a range() method definition that can be interpreted as a range of wavelengths in nanometres can be used. As a consequence, when wanting to construct a waveband covering the whole range of a spectrum one can simply supply the spectrum as argument, or to construct an non-weighed waveband which covers exactly the same range of wavelengths as an existing effective (weighted) waveband, one can supply a waveband object as an argument.

waveband(sun.spct)
## Total 
## low (nm) 280 
## high (nm) 800 
## weighted none

An “empty” waveband is returned by some functions as a “null” value.

waveband()
## range.NA.NA 
## low (nm) NA 
## high (nm) NA 
## weighted none

Querying the class

The function is.waveband can the used to query any R object. This function returns a logical value.

is.waveband(PAR.wb)
## [1] TRUE

Above, we demonstrate that PAR.wb is a waveband object, the function photobiologyWavebands::PAR() is a waveband constructor returning a waveband object. See package ‘photobiologyWavebands’ for details on pre-defined waveband constructors for frequently used wavelength ranges and biological spectral weighting functions (BSWFs).

Retrieving properties

The function is_effective can the used to query any R object.

is_effective(waveband(c(400,500)))
## [1] FALSE

Collections of wavebands

In the current implementation there is no special class used for storing collections of waveband objects. We simply use base R’s list class.

Construction

List constructor

Just base R’s functions used to create a list object.

wavebands <- list(waveband(c(300,400)), waveband(c(400,500)))
wavebands
## [[1]]
## range.300.400 
## low (nm) 300 
## high (nm) 400 
## weighted none 
## 
## [[2]]
## range.400.500 
## low (nm) 400 
## high (nm) 500 
## weighted none

Special constructor

The function split_bands can be used to generate lists of non-weighed wavebands in two different ways: a) it can be used to split a range of wavelengths given by an R object into a series of adjacent wavebands, or b) with a list of objects returning ranges, it can be used to create non-adjacent and even overlapping wavebands.

The code chunk bellow shows an example of two variations of case a). With the default value for length.out of NULL each numerical value in the input is taken as a wavelength (nm) at the boundary between adjacent wavebands. If a numerical value is supplied to length.out, then the whole wavelength range of the input is split into this number of equally spaced adjacent wavebands.

split_bands(c(200, 225, 300))
## $wb1
## range.200.225 
## low (nm) 200 
## high (nm) 225 
## weighted none 
## 
## $wb2
## range.225.300 
## low (nm) 225 
## high (nm) 300 
## weighted none
split_bands(c(200, 225, 300), length.out = 2)
## $wb1
## range.200.250 
## low (nm) 200 
## high (nm) 250 
## weighted none 
## 
## $wb2
## range.250.300 
## low (nm) 250 
## high (nm) 300 
## weighted none

In both examples above, the output is a list of two wavebands, but the split boundaries are at a different wavelength. The chunk bellow gives a few more examples of the use of case a).

split_bands(sun.spct, length.out = 2)
## $wb1
## range.280.540 
## low (nm) 280 
## high (nm) 540 
## weighted none 
## 
## $wb2
## range.540.800 
## low (nm) 540 
## high (nm) 800 
## weighted none
split_bands(PAR.wb, length.out = 2)
## $wb1
## range.400.550 
## low (nm) 400 
## high (nm) 550 
## weighted none 
## 
## $wb2
## range.550.700 
## low (nm) 550 
## high (nm) 700 
## weighted none
split_bands(c(200, 800), length.out = 3)
## $wb1
## range.200.400 
## low (nm) 200 
## high (nm) 400 
## weighted none 
## 
## $wb2
## range.400.600 
## low (nm) 400 
## high (nm) 600 
## weighted none 
## 
## $wb3
## range.600.800 
## low (nm) 600 
## high (nm) 800 
## weighted none

Now we demonstrate case b). This case is handled by recursion, so each list element can be anything that is a valid input to the function, including a nested list. However, the returned value is always a flat list of wavebands.

split_bands(list(A = c(200, 300), B = c(400, 500), C = c(250, 350)))
## $A
## range.200.300 
## low (nm) 200 
## high (nm) 300 
## weighted none 
## 
## $B
## range.400.500 
## low (nm) 400 
## high (nm) 500 
## weighted none 
## 
## $C
## range.250.350 
## low (nm) 250 
## high (nm) 350 
## weighted none
split_bands(list(c(100, 150, 200), c(800, 825)))
## $wb.a
## range.100.150 
## low (nm) 100 
## high (nm) 150 
## weighted none 
## 
## $<NA>
## range.150.200 
## low (nm) 150 
## high (nm) 200 
## weighted none 
## 
## $wb.b
## range.800.825 
## low (nm) 800 
## high (nm) 825 
## weighted none

In case b) if we supply a numeric value to length.out, this value is used recursively for each element of the list.

split_bands(UV_bands.lst, length.out  =  2)
## $wb.a
## range.100.190 
## low (nm) 100 
## high (nm) 190 
## weighted none 
## 
## $<NA>
## range.190.280 
## low (nm) 190 
## high (nm) 280 
## weighted none 
## 
## $wb.b
## range.280.297.5 
## low (nm) 280 
## high (nm) 298 
## weighted none 
## 
## $<NA>
## range.297.5.315 
## low (nm) 298 
## high (nm) 315 
## weighted none 
## 
## $wb.c
## range.315.357.5 
## low (nm) 315 
## high (nm) 358 
## weighted none 
## 
## $<NA>
## range.357.5.400 
## low (nm) 358 
## high (nm) 400 
## weighted none
split_bands(list(c(100, 150, 200), c(800, 825)), length.out = 1)
## $wb.a
## range.100.200 
## low (nm) 100 
## high (nm) 200 
## weighted none 
## 
## $wb.b
## range.800.825 
## low (nm) 800 
## high (nm) 825 
## weighted none

Object inspection methods

Printing

The print() method for spectra is based on the method defined in package ‘tibble’, consequently, it is possible to use the options from this package to control printing. In the code chunk below, tibble.print_max, the number of rows in the spectral object above which only tibble.print_min rows are printed, are both set to 5, instead of the default 20 and 10, to avoid excessive clutter in our examples.

options(tibble.print_max = 4)
options(tibble.print_min = 4)

For explicit calls to print() its argument n can be used to control the number of lines printed. If n is set to Inf the whole spectrum is always printed. The output differs from that of the print() method from package ‘dplyr’ in that additional metadata specific to spectra are shown.

print(sun.spct, n = 3)

Specialized print() methods for collections of spectra and for waveband objects are also defined.

Summary

The summary() method for spectra is based on base R’s summary() method for data frames, and accepts the same arguments. The main difference is that the attributes containing metadata and dimensions of the original spectrum object are copied to the summary object.

summary(sun.spct)

Specialized print() methods for summaries of spectra are defined. The output differs from that of the print() method from base R in that additional metadata specific to spectra are shown.

Handling NAs

Functions na.omit() and na.exclude are implemented for all spectral classes. These methods test for NAs only the spectral data, not wavelength. They set the "na.action" attribute in the same way as the corresponding methods for data frames. In the case of na.fail(), na.pass() and na.action(), the methods from base R, can be used with spectra.

na.omit(sun.spct)
## Object: source_spct [522 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0         0
## 2     281.         0         0
## 3     282.         0         0
## 4     283.         0         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
na.exclude(sun.spct)
## Object: source_spct [522 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0         0
## 2     281.         0         0
## 3     282.         0         0
## 4     283.         0         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

Transformations: using operators

Binary operators

All of R’s built-in maths operators have definitions for spectra. It is possible to sum, subtract, multiply and divide spectra. These operators can be used even if the spectral data is on different arbitrary sets of wavelengths. Operators by default return values expressed in energy units. Only certain operations are meaningful for a given combination of objects belonging to different classes, and meaningless combinations return NA also issuing a warning (see Table 5). By default operations are carried out on spectral energy irradiance for source_spct objects and transmittance for filter_spct objects.


Table 5. Binary operators and their operands. Validity and class of result. All operations marked \Y' are allowed, those marked’ are forbidden and return NA and issue a warning. Operators %/% and %% follow /.

e1 + - * / ^ e2 value
raw_spct Y Y Y Y Y raw_spct raw_spct
cps_spct Y Y Y Y Y cps_spct cps_spct
source_spct Y Y Y Y Y source_spct source_spct
filter_spct (T) N N Y Y N filter_spct filter_spct
filter_spct (A) Y Y N N N filter_spct filter_spct
reflector_spct N N Y Y N reflector_spct reflector_spct
object_spct N N N N N object_spct
response_spct Y Y Y Y N response_spct response_spct
chroma_spct Y Y Y Y Y chroma_spct chroma_spct
raw_spct Y Y Y Y Y numeric raw_spct
cps_spct Y Y Y Y Y numeric cps_spct
calibration_spct Y Y Y Y Y numeric calibration_spct
source_spct Y Y Y Y Y numeric source_spct
filter_spct Y Y Y Y Y numeric filter_spct
reflector_spct Y Y Y Y Y numeric reflector_spct
object_spct N N N N N numeric
response_spct Y Y Y Y Y numeric response_spct
chroma_spct Y Y Y Y Y numeric chroma_spct
cps_spct N N Y N N calibration_spct source_spct
source_spct N N Y Y N response_spct response_spct
source_spct N N Y Y N filter_spct (T) source_spct
source_spct N N Y Y N filter_spct (A) source_spct
source_spct N N Y Y N reflector_spct source_spct
source_spct N N N N N object_spct
source_spct N N Y N N waveband (no BSWF) source_spct
source_spct N N Y N N waveband (BSWF) source_spct (effective)

sun.spct * sun.spct
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

When meaningful, operations between different spectra are also allowed. For example, it is possible to simulate the effect of a filter on a light source by multiplying (or convolving) the two spectra.

sun.spct * polyester.spct
## Object: source_spct [533 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.07692308-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 533 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     281          0
## 4     282.         0
## # … with 529 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

If we have two layers of the filter, this can be approximated using either of these two statements.

sun.spct * polyester.spct * polyester.spct
## Object: source_spct [533 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.07692308-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 533 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     281          0
## 4     282.         0
## # … with 529 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
sun.spct * polyester.spct^2
## Object: source_spct [533 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.07692308-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 533 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     281          0
## 4     282.         0
## # … with 529 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

Operators are also defined for operations between a spectrum and a numeric vector (with normal recycling).

sun.spct * 2
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
2 * sun.spct
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
sun.spct * c(0,1)
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

There is one special case, for chroma_spct: if the numeric operand has length three, containing three named values x, y and z, the corresponding value is used for each of the chromaticity columns in the chroma_spct. Un-named values or differently named values are not treated specially.

Operators are also defined for operations between an spectrum and a waveband object. The next to code chunks demonstrate how the class of the result depends on whether the waveband object describes a range of wavelengths or a range of wavelengths plus a BSWF.

sun.spct * UVB.wb
## Object: source_spct [37 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-315 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 37 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 33 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
sun.spct * CIE.wb

And of course these operations can be combined into more complex statements, including parentheses, when needed. The example below estimates the difference in effective spectral irradiance according to the CIE98 definition, between sunlight and sunlight filtered with a polyester film. Of course, the result is valid only for the solar spectral data used, which corresponds to Southern Finland.

sun.spct * CIE.wb - sun.spct * polyester.spct * CIE.wb
## Object: source_spct [133 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-400 nm, step 0.07692308-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## Data weighted using 'range.250.400.wtd' BSWF
## 
## # A tibble: 133 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     281          0
## 4     282.         0
## # … with 129 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

Unary operators and maths functions

Many common maths functions, as well as unary minus and plus, are implemented for spectral objects (see Table 6).


Table 6. Unary operators and maths functions for spectra. Classes for which they are implemented and class of the result. All operations marked Y are allowed, those marked N are not implemented and return NA and issue a warning. Additional supported functions: log2, log10, sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, sinpi, cospi, tanpi, signif, floor, ceiling, trunc, sign, abs.

e1 +, - log, exp trig. round sqrt value
raw_spct Y Y Y Y Y raw_spct
cps_spct Y Y Y Y Y cps_spct
calibration_spct Y Y Y Y Y calibration_spct
source_spct Y Y Y Y Y source_spct
filter_spct Y Y Y Y Y filter_spct
reflector_spct Y Y Y Y Y reflector_spct
object_spct N N N N N
response_spct Y Y Y Y Y response_spct
chroma_spct Y Y Y Y Y chroma_spct

-sun.spct
## Warning in range_check(x, strict.range = strict.range): Negative spectral energy
## irradiance values; minimum s.e.irrad = -0.82
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
sqrt(sun.spct)
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

Options

Table 7 lists all the recognized options affecting maths operators and functions, and their default values. Within the suite all functions have a default value which is used when the options are undefined. Options are set using base R’s function options, and queried with functions options and getOption.


Table 7. Options used in the ‘r4photobiology suite’ and recognized by methods, operators and functions in the ‘photobiology’ package. Option names, accepted and default values, and the purpose of the options are given. Option photobiology.verbose is set to the value of R’s own verbose option at the time the ‘photobiology’ package is attached to the session.

Option values, default purpose, unit convenience function
Base R
digits 7 \(d - 3\) used by summary
tibble
tibble.print_max 20 Maximum number of rows printed
tibble.print_min 10 Number of rows printed if row number threshold is exceeded
tibble.width NULL Output width
r4photobiology
photobiology.radiation.unit “energy” \(W\,m^{-2}\,nm^{-1}\) using_energy(), energy_as_default()
"photon" \(\mu mol\,m^{-2}\,nm^{-1}\) using_photon(), photon_as_default()
photobiology.filter.qty “transmittance” \(/1\) using_Tfr(), Tfr_as_default()
"absorptance" \(/1\) using_Afr(), Afr_as_default()
"absorbance" a.u. \(\log_{10}\) base using_A(), A_as_default()
photobiology.strict.range NA skip range test strict_range_as_default(NA)
TRUE trigger an error strict_range_as_default(TRUE)
FALSE trigger a warning strict_range_as_default(FALSE)
photobiology.check.spct TRUE enable check_spct() enable_check_spct()
FALSE disable check_spct() disable_check_spct()
photobiology.waveband.trim FALSE exclude wb_trim_as_default(FALSE)
TRUE trim or exclude wb_trim_as_default(TRUE)
photobiology.use.cached.mult FALSE do not cache intermediate results use_cached_mult_as_default(FALSE)
TRUE cache intermediate results use_cached_mult_as_default(TRUE)
photobiology.verbose FALSE minimal warnings and messages verbose_as_default(FALSE)
TRUE all warnings and messages verbose_as_default(TRUE)

The behaviour of the operators defined in this package depends on the value of two global options. For example, if we would like the operators to operate on spectral photon irradiance and return spectral photon irradiance instead of spectral energy irradiance, this behaviour can be set, and will remain active until unset or reset. It is possible to change options using base R’s function options() as shown in the next code chunk. The other options listed in the Table above can be set similarly, while to unset any option, they can be given a NULL value.

options(photobiology.radiation.unit = "photon")
sun.spct * UVB.wb
## Object: source_spct [37 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-315 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 37 × 2
##   w.length s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 33 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
options(photobiology.radiation.unit = "energy")
sun.spct * UVB.wb
## Object: source_spct [37 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-315 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 37 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 33 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

However using convenience functions is easier. The chunk above can be rewritten as below.

photon_as_default()
sun.spct * UVB.wb
## Object: source_spct [37 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-315 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 37 × 2
##   w.length s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 33 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
energy_as_default()
sun.spct * UVB.wb
## Object: source_spct [37 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-315 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 37 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 33 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
unset_radiation_unit_default()

Furthermore, it is possible to temporarily change the options for the evaluation of a single, possibly compound, R expression using a different syntax, reminiscent of that of R’s with().

using_photon(sun.spct * UVB.wb)
## Object: source_spct [37 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-315 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 37 × 2
##   w.length s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 33 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
using_energy(sun.spct * UVB.wb)
## Object: source_spct [37 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-315 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 37 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 33 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

Transformations: methods and functions

In this section we describe methods and functions that take one or more spectral objects, and in some cases also waveband objects, as arguments and return another spectral object (see Tables 8 and 9) or that take a collection of spectral objects, and in some cases also waveband objects, as arguments and return a collection of spectral objects.


Table 8. Transformation methods for spectra. Key: + available, – not available.

methods raw/cps source response filter reflector object chroma
merge + + + + + + +
rbindspct + + + + + + +
e2q, q2e + +
A2T, T2A +
Afr2T, T2Afr +
any2T, any2A, any2Afr +
convertTfrType +
convertThickness +
subset + + + + + + +
clip_wl + + + + + + +
trim_wl + + + + + + +
(trim_spct) + + + + + + +
thin_wl + + + + +
interpolate_wl + + + + + +
(interpolate_spct) + + + + + +
fscale + + + + +
fshift + + + + +
normalize + + + + +
clean + + + +
despike + + + +
maths operators + + + + + + +
maths functions + + + + + + +
tag + + + + + +
untag + + + + + +


Table 9. Transformation methods for collections of spectra. Key: + available, – not available, ms use msmsply() or convolve_each() to apply function or operator to collection members.

methods raw/cps source response filter reflector object chroma
convolve_each + + + + + +
msmsply + + + + + + +
msdply + + + + + + +
mslply + + + + + + +
msaply + + + + + + +
rbindspct + + + + + + +
c + + + + + + +
maths operators ms ms ms ms ms ms ms
maths functions ms ms ms ms ms ms ms
e2q, q2e + +
A2T, T2A +
Afr2T, T2Afr +
any2T, any2A, any2Afr +
convertTfrType +
convertThickness +
clip_wl + + + + + + +
trim_wl + + + + + + +
trim2overlap + + + + + + +
extend2extremes + + + + + + +
(trim_mspct) + + + + + + +
thin_wl + + + + +
interpolate_wl + + + + + +
(interpolate_mspct) + + + + + +
fscale + + + + +
fshift + + + + +
normalize + + + + +
clean + + + +
despike + + + +
tag + + + + + +
untag + + + + + +

Manipulating spectra

Sometimes, especially for plotting, we may want to row-bind spectra. When the aim is that the returned object retains its class and other attributes like the time unit. Package ‘photobiology’ provides function rbinspct for row-binding spectra, with the necessary checks for consistency of the bound spectra.

# STOPGAP
shade.spct <- sun.spct

By default an ID factor named spct.idx is added allow to identify the source of the observations after the binding. If the supplied list has named members, then these names are used as factor levels. If a character value is supplied to as idfactor argument, this is used as name for the factor.

rbindspct(list(sun.spct, shade.spct))
## Object: source_spct [1,044 x 4]
## containing 2 spectra in long form
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## spct_1 label: sunlight, simulated
## spct_2 label: sunlight, simulated 
## spct_1 measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC
## spct_2 measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 1,044 × 4
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad spct.idx
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl> <fct>   
## 1     280          0         0 spct_1  
## 2     281.         0         0 spct_1  
## 3     282.         0         0 spct_1  
## 4     283.         0         0 spct_1  
## # … with 1,040 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
rbindspct(list(A = sun.spct, B = shade.spct), idfactor = "site")
## Object: source_spct [1,044 x 4]
## containing 2 spectra in long form
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## A label: sunlight, simulated
## B label: sunlight, simulated 
## A measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC
## B measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 1,044 × 4
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad site 
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl> <fct>
## 1     280          0         0 A    
## 2     281.         0         0 A    
## 3     282.         0         0 A    
## 4     283.         0         0 A    
## # … with 1,040 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

The name of the ID factor is stored as metadata in attribute "idfactor" of the spectral data object.

Special Extract methods for spectral objects have been implemented. These are used by default and preserve the attributes used by this package, except when the returned value is a single column from the spectral object.

sun.spct[1:10, ]
## Object: source_spct [10 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-288.30769 nm, step 0.9230769 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 10 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0         0
## 2     281.         0         0
## 3     282.         0         0
## 4     283.         0         0
## # … with 6 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
sun.spct[1:10, 1]
##  [1] 280.0000 280.9231 281.8462 282.7692 283.6923 284.6154 285.5385 286.4615
##  [9] 287.3846 288.3077
sun.spct[1:10, 1, drop = TRUE]
##  [1] 280.0000 280.9231 281.8462 282.7692 283.6923 284.6154 285.5385 286.4615
##  [9] 287.3846 288.3077
sun.spct[1:10, "w.length", drop = TRUE]
##  [1] 280.0000 280.9231 281.8462 282.7692 283.6923 284.6154 285.5385 286.4615
##  [9] 287.3846 288.3077

In contrast to trim_spct, subset never interpolates or inserts hinges. On the other hand, the subset argument accepts any logical expression and can be consequently used to do subsetting, for example, based on factors. Both subset() and trim() methods preserve attributes.

subset(sun.spct, s.e.irrad > 0.2)
## Object: source_spct [475 x 3]
## Wavelength range 324-800 nm, step 1-3 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 475 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad   s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>       <dbl>
## 1      324     0.208 0.000000562
## 2      325     0.217 0.000000589
## 3      326     0.277 0.000000756
## 4      327     0.285 0.000000779
## # … with 471 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
subset(sun.spct, w.length > 600)
## Object: source_spct [200 x 3]
## Wavelength range 601-800 nm, step 1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 200 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad  s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>      <dbl>
## 1      601     0.630 0.00000316
## 2      602     0.631 0.00000317
## 3      603     0.636 0.00000321
## 4      604     0.658 0.00000332
## # … with 196 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
subset(sun.spct, c(TRUE, rep(FALSE, 99)))
## Object: source_spct [6 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-779 nm, step 99-100 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 6 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad  s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>      <dbl>
## 1      280     0     0         
## 2      379     0.413 0.00000131
## 3      479     0.754 0.00000302
## 4      579     0.647 0.00000313
## 5      679     0.580 0.00000329
## 6      779     0.471 0.00000307

R’s Extract methods $ and [[ can be used to extract whole columns. Replace methods $<- and [<- have definitions for spectral objects, which allow their safe use. They work identically to those for data frames but check the validity of the spectra after the replacement.

Conversions between radiation units

The functions e2q and q2e can be used on source spectra to convert spectral energy irradiance into spectral photon irradiance and vice versa. A second optional argument sets the action with "add" and "replace" as possible values. By default these functions use normal reference semantics.

e2q(sun.spct, "add")
## Object: source_spct [522 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0         0
## 2     281.         0         0
## 3     282.         0         0
## 4     283.         0         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
e2q(sun.spct, "replace")
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

Conversions among transmission quantities

For filter_spct objects functions any2T(), any2A(), and any2Afr() allow conversion among spectral transmittance, spectral absorptance and spectral absorbance. Although some conversions require a known reflectance, either as an Rfr column in the data or an Rfr.constant in the attribute filter.properties.

polyester.spct
## Object: filter_spct [561 x 2]
## Wavelength range 240-800 nm, step 1 nm 
## Label: clear polyester film 
## Transmittance of type 'total'
## Rfr (/1): 0.07, thickness (mm): 0.125, attenuation mode: absorption.
## 
## # A tibble: 561 × 2
##   w.length     Tfr
##      <int>   <dbl>
## 1      240 0.00482
## 2      241 0.00464
## 3      242 0.00446
## 4      243 0.00429
## # … with 557 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
any2Afr(polyester.spct, "add")
## Object: filter_spct [561 x 3]
## Wavelength range 240-800 nm, step 1 nm 
## Label: clear polyester film 
## Transmittance of type 'total'
## Rfr (/1): 0.07, thickness (mm): 0.125, attenuation mode: absorption.
## 
## # A tibble: 561 × 3
##   w.length     Tfr   Afr
##      <int>   <dbl> <dbl>
## 1      240 0.00482 0.995
## 2      241 0.00464 0.995
## 3      242 0.00446 0.995
## 4      243 0.00429 0.995
## # … with 557 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
any2Afr(polyester.spct, "replace")
## Object: filter_spct [561 x 2]
## Wavelength range 240-800 nm, step 1 nm 
## Label: clear polyester film 
## Rfr (/1): 0.07, thickness (mm): 0.125, attenuation mode: absorption.
## 
## # A tibble: 561 × 2
##   w.length   Afr
##      <int> <dbl>
## 1      240 0.995
## 2      241 0.995
## 3      242 0.995
## 4      243 0.995
## # … with 557 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

Normalizing a spectrum

Normalization is a way rescaling a spectrum so that the spectral quantity takes a fixed value, in most cases exactly 1, at a specific wavelength. Frequently this wavelength corresponds to the maximum value of the spectral quantity.

\[Q_\mathrm{norm}(\lambda) = \frac{Q(\lambda)}{\max{Q(\lambda)}}\] When normalizing to a specific wavelength, say 300 nm, the equation becomes \[Q_\mathrm{norm}(\lambda) = \frac{Q(\lambda)}{{Q(\lambda = 300)}}\] Function normalize permits normalizing a spectrum to a value of one at an arbitrary wavelength (nm) or to the wavelength of either the maximum or the minimum spectral value. It supports all the different spectral classes, In the example we use a source_spct object. (Equivalent functions with names spelled with “s” instead of “z” are available.)

normalize(sun.spct)

Which is equivalent to supplying "max" as argument to norm, it is also possible to give a range within which the maximum should be searched.

normalize(sun.spct, range = PAR.wb, norm = "max")

It is also possible to normalize to an arbitrary wavelength within the range of the data, even if it is not one of the wavelength values present in the spectral object, as interpolation is used when needed.

normalize(sun.spct, norm = 600.3)

The normalization status of a spectral object can be tested with method is_normalized() and the normalization used can be recalled with method getNormalized().

my.spct <- normalize(sun.spct)
is_normalized(my.spct)
## [1] TRUE
getNormalized(my.spct)
## [1] 451

Once a spectrum is normalized, summary methods that return values in absolute units such as irrad(), will trigger an error if applied. Ratios and similar summaries that are invariant with respect to normalization can be calculated.

Applying method fscale() removes the normalization and clears the corresponding attribute where the normalization information is stored. This attribute also can be cleared with method setNormalized(), but this is rarely valid or of any use.

Rescaling a spectrum

While normalization is done with respect to a single wavelength, rescaling as implemented in this package is more flexible. The scaling factor is computed as a summary over a range of wavelengths. This allows us, among other things to rescale spectral irradiance so that irradiance in a specific waveband is equal to one, or to some other user supplied target value.

\[Q^\prime(\lambda) = \frac{Q(\lambda)}{f(Q(\lambda))_{\ \mathrm{for}\ \ \lambda_1\geq\lambda>\lambda_2}}\times \alpha\] where \(\alpha\) is the target value for \(f(Q(\lambda))\).

In other words, function fscale() rescales a spectrum by dividing each spectral data value by a value calculated with a function (f) selected by a character string (“total” or “mean”), or an actual R function which can accept the spectrum object supplied as its first argument. Additional named arguments can be also passed.

How metadata is set in the returned object is controlled by a logical argument to parameter set.scaled. If TRUE, the data are labelled as being expressed in relative units and if FALSE this attribute is not set. The default argument depends on the value passed as argument to target. If this value is one, then the data are marked as no longer being expressed in absolute units. If the target is any other numeric value then it is assumed that the intention is to re-scale the data and that absolute physical units remain meaningful. It is important that the metadata matches the actual use as printing of summaries and plot labelling depends on them.

fscale(sun.spct)
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## Rescaled to 'mean of s.e.irrad' = 1 for wavelengths in 280-800 nm
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
fscale(sun.spct, set.scaled = FALSE)
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
fscale(sun.spct, target = 100)
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
fscale(sun.spct, target = 100, set.scaled = TRUE)
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## Rescaled to 'mean of s.e.irrad' = 100 for wavelengths in 280-800 nm
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

The default for f can be overridden. R functions passed as argument should be suitable for summarizing spectral objects as they will receive as first argument a spectrum rather than a numeric vector. Behind this requirement is the need to take into account wavelength steps for integration to be meaningful. In the example below we compute energy and photon irradiances. (The character arguments "mean" and "total" call functions specific to spectral data.)

fscale(sun.spct, f = "integral")
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## Rescaled to 'integral of s.e.irrad' = 1 for wavelengths in 280-800 nm
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
fscale(sun.spct, range = PAR.wb, f = e_irrad)
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## Rescaled to 'a user supplied R function of s.e.irrad' = 1 for wavelengths in 400-700-none-NULL-NULL-NULL-NULL-c(399.999999999999, 400, 699.999999999999, 700)-PAR-PAR nm
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
fscale(sun.spct, range = PAR.wb, f = q_irrad, target = 800e-6)
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

In the third example, the spectral data is rescaled so that the corresponding photosynthetically-active irradiance is equal to one.

The normalization status of a spectral object can be tested with method is_normalized() and the normalization used can be recalled with method getNormalized().

my.spct <- fscale(sun.spct)
is_scaled(my.spct)
## [1] TRUE
getScaled(my.spct)
## $multiplier
## [1] 1.932188
## 
## $f
## [1] "mean"
## 
## $range
## [1] 280 800
## 
## $target
## [1] 1
## 
## $cols
## [1] "s.e.irrad"

Once a spectrum is scaled, summary methods that return values in absolute units such as irrad(), will trigger a warning if applied. Ratios and similar summaries that are invariant with respect to normalization do not trigger warnings.

Applying method normalize() removes the scaling and clears the corresponding attribute where the scaling information is stored. This attribute also can be cleared with method setScaled(), and this can be useful is some cases such as when irradiance has been measured separately from the emission spectrum.

Shifting the zero of the spectral data scale

While re-scaling relies on a multiplicative factor shifting of the scale is done by addition (or subtraction) or constant. This allows us, among other things to remove a baseline computed from a region known to be equal to zero.

\[Q^\prime(\lambda) = Q(\lambda) - f(Q(\lambda))_{\ \mathrm{for}\ \ \lambda_1\geq\lambda>\lambda_2}\] Function fshift() shifts the zero of the scale of a spectrum by subtracting from each spectral data value a value calculated with a function (f) selected by a character string (“mean”, “min” or “max”), or an actual R function which can accept the spectrum object supplied as its first argument. The range argument selects a region of the spectrum to be used as reference in the calculation of the summary.

fshift(white_led.source_spct, range = UVB.wb, f = "mean")
## Object: source_spct [1,421 x 2]
## Wavelength range 251.16-898.81 nm, step 0.43-0.48 nm 
## Label: led_desk201 
## Measured on 2016-12-19 16:19:57 UTC 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 1,421 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     251.         0
## 2     252.         0
## 3     252.         0
## 4     253.         0
## # … with 1,417 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
fshift(sun.spct, range = c(280,290), f = "min")
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

In the first example, the spectral data shifted so that the mean spectral irradiance becomes zero for the UV-B region. In the second example the minimum value in the range of wavelengths between 280~nm and 290~nm is used as zero reference for the scale.

Replacing off-range spectral data values

Method clean() should be used with care as off-range values stem almost always from calibration errors or measuring noise. This function allows one to replace such values, but in many cases a zero shift or rescaling could be a better option. Even when the off-range values are the result of random noise, replacing them with the boundary values can cause bias, by censoring the data. In such cases smoothing may be applied first to reduce the possible bias caused by clean(). Here we create artificial off-range values by subtracting a constant from each spectrum.

clean(polyester.spct - 0.053)
## Warning in range_check_Tfr(x, strict.range = strict.range): Off-range
## transmittance values [-0.050..0.872] instead of [0..1]
## Object: filter_spct [561 x 2]
## Wavelength range 240-800 nm, step 1 nm 
## Label: clear polyester film 
## Transmittance of type 'total'
## Rfr (/1): 0.07, thickness (mm): 0.125, attenuation mode: absorption.
## 
## # A tibble: 561 × 2
##   w.length   Tfr
##      <int> <dbl>
## 1      240     0
## 2      241     0
## 3      242     0
## 4      243     0
## # … with 557 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

It is possible to restrict the cleaning to a range of wavelengths and to provide a value to be used as replacement for the off-range data.

clean(sun.spct - 0.01, range = c(280.5, 282), fill = NA)
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280      -0.01
## 2     281.     NA   
## 3     282.     NA   
## 4     283.     -0.01
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

Removing spikes

Method despike() replaces spikes (very narrow peaks, or valleys) by values estimated from neighbouring pixels. This method should be also used carefully and the results inspected as it can remove features of interest from the data. Usually one knows from theory or experience if spikes can be real features or not.

spikes(sun.spct)
## Object: source_spct [2 x 2]
## Wavelength range 398-432 nm, step 34 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 2 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1      398     0.504
## 2      432     0.646
my_sun.spct <- despike(sun.spct)
spikes(my_sun.spct)
## Object: source_spct [0 x 2]
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 0 × 2
## # … with 2 variables: w.length <dbl>, s.e.irrad <dbl>
## # ℹ Use `colnames()` to see all variable names

Smoothing of spectra

We can use smoothing both to average out random variation among nearby pixels caused by measuring noise, or to filter out the real fine structure of a spectrum to better assess the larger features. The methods described here work by averaging the spectral data from neighbouring wavelengths. The simplest methods are running medians and running means (or “boxcar smoothing” in the terminology used in some software). There are several methods for smoothing available in R based on different algorithms. Some of these methods also automatically set the degree of smoothing based on the data being smoothed. Package ‘photobiology’ defines function smooth_spct, which at the moment supports three different methods. Two are wrappers on R’s own methods and a third one, "custom", is designed to use stronger smoothing for values close to zero, where noise in spectral irradiance measurements is proportionally more. The strength of the smoothing and the range of wavelengths operated upon can be adjusted through arguments to parameters. The comment attribute is updated.

smooth_spct(sun.spct)
## Object: source_spct [522 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0         0
## 2     281.         0         0
## 3     282.         0         0
## 4     283.         0         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
smooth_spct(polyester.spct, method = "supsmu", strength = 2)
## Object: filter_spct [561 x 2]
## Wavelength range 240-800 nm, step 1 nm 
## Label: clear polyester film 
## Transmittance of type 'total'
## Rfr (/1): 0.07, thickness (mm): 0.125, attenuation mode: absorption.
## 
## # A tibble: 561 × 2
##   w.length     Tfr
##      <int>   <dbl>
## 1      240 0.00460
## 2      241 0.00453
## 3      242 0.00445
## 4      243 0.00438
## # … with 557 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

Wavelength interpolation

Converting spectra available at a given set of wavelengths values to a different one, is frequently needed when operating with several spectra of different origin. One can increase the apparent resolution by interpolation, and reduce it by local averaging or smoothing and resampling. The same function works on all spct objects, interpolating every numeric column except w.length which is set to the new wavelength values supplied as argument. The optional argument fill.value controls what value is assigned to the “interpolated” data columns at wavelengths in the new data that are outside the range of wavelengths in the original spectrum being interpolated.

interpolate_wl(sun.spct, seq(400, 500, by = 0.1))
## Object: source_spct [1,001 x 3]
## Wavelength range 400-500 nm, step 0.1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 1,001 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad  s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>      <dbl>
## 1     400      0.608 0.00000203
## 2     400.     0.610 0.00000204
## 3     400.     0.612 0.00000205
## 4     400.     0.614 0.00000205
## # … with 997 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

Trimming, clipping and thining

Method clip_wl()

Sometimes it is desirable to change the range of wavelengths included in a spectrum. If we are interested in a given part of the spectrum, there is no need to do calculations or plotting the whole spectrum. To select part of a spectrum based on a range of wavelengths we may use the clip_wl() method. Method clip_wl() simply selects a range from the existing spectrum, and unless the range exactly matches the wavelength values present in the spectrum, the range of wavelengths in the returned clipped spectrum will be slightly narrower than the requested by range.

The range of wavelengths expressed in nanometres can be given as numeric vector of length two.

clip_wl(sun.spct, range = c(400, 402))
## Object: source_spct [3 x 3]
## Wavelength range 400-402 nm, step 1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 3 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad  s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>      <dbl>
## 1      400     0.608 0.00000203
## 2      401     0.626 0.00000210
## 3      402     0.650 0.00000218
clip_wl(sun.spct, range = c(400, NA))
## Object: source_spct [401 x 3]
## Wavelength range 400-800 nm, step 1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 401 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad  s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>      <dbl>
## 1      400     0.608 0.00000203
## 2      401     0.626 0.00000210
## 3      402     0.650 0.00000218
## 4      403     0.621 0.00000209
## # … with 397 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

As for other methods in the package, the range can be also supplied as a waveband object, or any other object for which range() returns a numeric range. Even a different spectrum object is acceptable, and in many cases useful.

clip_wl(sun.spct, range = UVA.wb)
## Object: source_spct [86 x 3]
## Wavelength range 315-400 nm, step 1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 86 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad   s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>       <dbl>
## 1      315     0.113 0.000000297
## 2      316     0.102 0.000000270
## 3      317     0.149 0.000000394
## 4      318     0.141 0.000000376
## # … with 82 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

The result can be a spectrum of length zero.

clip_wl(sun.spct, range = c(100, 200))
## Object: source_spct [0 x 3]
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 0 × 3
## # … with 3 variables: w.length <dbl>, s.e.irrad <dbl>, s.q.irrad <dbl>
## # ℹ Use `colnames()` to see all variable names

Method trim_wl()

Sometimes, we need more flexibility. We may want to replace the observed values outside a certain range or expand the range of wavelengths, filling the expansion of all other variables with a certain value (i.e. a number, or NA.). In contrast to clipping (or functionally equivalent, indexing, or subsetting), trimming ensures that there will be spectral data returned at the boundaries of the trimmed region. These values are obtained by interpolation when they are not already present in the data.

More flexibility is available in method trim_wl(), to which we can supply arguments range, use.hinges, and fill. By default interpolation is used at the boundaries of the range, in which case the range of wavelengths in the returned spectrum is that passed as argument to range.

trim_wl(sun.spct, c(282.5, NA))
## Object: source_spct [520 x 3]
## Wavelength range 282.5-800 nm, step 0.2692308-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 520 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     282.         0         0
## 2     283.         0         0
## 3     284.         0         0
## 4     285.         0         0
## # … with 516 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
clip_wl(sun.spct, c(282.5, NA))
## Object: source_spct [519 x 3]
## Wavelength range 282.76923-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 519 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     283.         0         0
## 2     284.         0         0
## 3     285.         0         0
## 4     286.         0         0
## # … with 515 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

As for clip_wl() the range can be also supplied as a waveband object, or any other object for which range() returns a numeric range. Even a different spectrum object is acceptable.

trim_wl(sun.spct, PAR.wb)
## Object: source_spct [301 x 3]
## Wavelength range 400-700 nm, step 1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 301 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad  s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>      <dbl>
## 1      400     0.608 0.00000203
## 2      401     0.626 0.00000210
## 3      402     0.650 0.00000218
## 4      403     0.621 0.00000209
## # … with 297 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

The default for fill is NULL which results in deletion values outside the trimmed region. However, it is possible to supply a different argument, to be used to replace the off-range data values.

trim_wl(sun.spct, c(281.5, NA), fill = NA)
## Object: source_spct [524 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 1.023182e-12-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 524 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280         NA        NA
## 2     281.        NA        NA
## 3     281.        NA        NA
## 4     282.         0         0
## # … with 520 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

Furthermore, when fill is not NULL, expansion is possible.

trim_wl(sun.spct, c(275, NA), fill = 0)
## Object: source_spct [529 x 3]
## Wavelength range 275-800 nm, step 1.023182e-12-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 529 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     275          0         0
## 2     276.         0         0
## 3     277.         0         0
## 4     277.         0         0
## # … with 525 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

By default interpolation at the boundaries is used, but setting use.hinges to FALSE results in clipping, a behaviour similar to that of clip_wl only if fill == NULL.

trim_wl(sun.spct, c(281.5, NA), fill = NA)
## Object: source_spct [524 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 1.023182e-12-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 524 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280         NA        NA
## 2     281.        NA        NA
## 3     281.        NA        NA
## 4     282.         0         0
## # … with 520 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
trim_wl(sun.spct, c(281.5, NA), fill = NA, use.hinges = FALSE)
## Object: source_spct [522 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280         NA        NA
## 2     281.        NA        NA
## 3     282.         0         0
## 4     283.         0         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

When use.hinges == TRUE and expansion or replacement is done, two observations are inserted at each boundary, differing in wavelength by \(1 \times 10^{-12}\),nm to prevent rounding errors in later calculations.

Functions trim2ovelap() and extend2extremes()

Functions trim2ovelap() and extend2extremes() are defined only for collections of spectra. They are convenience functions, as they handle special use cases of trim_wl() with a simplified syntax. They can be used to make the wavelength range of the different members of a collection of spectra consistent, either by trimming all spectra to the range of overlapping wavelengths, or by extending the wavelength ranges as needed and filling the added spectral values with a constant value.

trim2overlap(two.mspct)
## Object: source_mspct [2 x 1]
## --- Member: A ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2015-10-31 08:00:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: B ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2015-10-31 09:00:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---
extend2extremes(two.mspct, fill = 0)
## Object: source_mspct [2 x 1]
## --- Member: A ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2015-10-31 08:00:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## --- Member: B ---
## Object: source_spct [522 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2015-10-31 09:00:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 522 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 518 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## --- END ---

Method thin_wl()

One possible way of decreasing the storage space occupied by spectral data is to vary the density of wavelength values stored based on the local change in slope (second derivative) of the plot a spectrum. Method thin_wl() can be used to remove or “thin” down the wavelength values stored in those regions of the spectrum where this would result in minimal loss of information. The algorithm currently in use is suboptimal in the removal of wavelength values but fast and easy to implement. Which wavelength values are retained or not could change with future implementations.

nrow(yellow_gel.spct)
## [1] 611
wl_stepsize(yellow_gel.spct)
## [1] 1 1
thinned.spct <- thin_wl(yellow_gel.spct)
nrow(thinned.spct)
## [1] 267
wl_stepsize(thinned.spct)
## [1] 1 8

The strength of the thinning can be adjusted by passing arguments to parameters max.wl.step and max.slope.delta. This method is implemented for objects of all spectral classes that a single default data column in addition to wavelengths and also for collections of those objects.

Convolving weights

It is very instructive to look at weighted spectral data to understand how effective irradiances are calculated. Plotting effective spectral irradiance data can be very informative when analysing interactions among photoreceptors and ambient radiation. It can also illustrate the large effect that small measuring errors can have on the estimated effective irradiances or exposures when SWFs have a steep slope.

For biologically effective energy irradiance \(E_\mathrm{BE}\) the following equation describes the convolution, wavelength by wavelength, between spectral energy irradiance and a biological spectral weighting function

\[E_\mathrm{BE}(\lambda) = E(\lambda) \times w_E(\lambda)\] or for biologically effective photon irradiance \(Q_\mathrm{BE}\) \[Q_\mathrm{BE}(\lambda) = Q(\lambda) \times w_Q(\lambda)\] For the convolution to be possible, both spectral irradiance and spectral weights should be available for the same basis of expression and at the same discrete wavelength values.

Individual spectra

The multiplication operator is defined for operations between a source_spct and a waveband, so this is the easiest way of doing the calculations.

sun.spct * CIE.wb
## Object: source_spct [122 x 2]
## Wavelength range 280-400 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## Data weighted using 'range.250.400.wtd' BSWF
## 
## # A tibble: 122 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0
## 2     281.         0
## 3     282.         0
## 4     283.         0
## # … with 118 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

Tagging with bands and colours

We call tagging, to the process of adding reference information to spectral data. For example we can add a factor indicating regions or bands in the spectrum. We can add also information on the colour, as seen by humans, for each observed value, or for individual regions or bands of the spectrum. In most cases this additional information is used for annotations when plotting the spectral data.

Individual spectra

The function tag can be used to tag different parts of a spectrum according to wavebands.

tag(sun.spct, PAR.wb)
## Object: source_spct [524 x 6]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 1.023182e-12-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 524 × 6
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad wl.color wb.color wb.f 
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>    <chr>    <fct>
## 1     280          0         0 #000000  <NA>     <NA> 
## 2     281.         0         0 #000000  <NA>     <NA> 
## 3     282.         0         0 #000000  <NA>     <NA> 
## 4     283.         0         0 #000000  <NA>     <NA> 
## # … with 520 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
tag(sun.spct, UV_bands.lst)
## Object: source_spct [524 x 6]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 1.023182e-12-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 524 × 6
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad wl.color wb.color wb.f 
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>    <chr>    <fct>
## 1     280          0         0 #000000  black    UVB  
## 2     281.         0         0 #000000  black    UVB  
## 3     282.         0         0 #000000  black    UVB  
## 4     283.         0         0 #000000  black    UVB  
## # … with 520 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

The added factor and colour data can be used for further processing or for plotting. Information about the tagging and wavebands is stored in an attribute tag.attr in every tagged spectrum, this yields a more compact output and keeps a trace of the tagging.

tg.sun.spct <- tag(sun.spct, PAR.wb)
attr(tg.sun.spct, "spct.tags")
## $valid
## [1] TRUE
## 
## $time.unit
## [1] "second"
## 
## $wb.key.name
## [1] "Bands"
## 
## $wl.color
## [1] TRUE
## 
## $wb.color
## [1] TRUE
## 
## $wb.num
## [1] 1
## 
## $wb.colors
## [1] "#735B57"
## 
## $wb.names
## [1] "PAR"
## 
## $wb.list
## $wb.list[[1]]
## PAR 
## low (nm) 400 
## high (nm) 700 
## weighted none

Additional functions are available which return a tagged spectrum and take as input a list of wavebands, but no spectral data. They build a spectrum from the data in the wavebands, and are useful for plotting the boundaries of wavebands.

wb2tagged_spct(UV_bands.lst)
## Object: generic_spct [8 x 12]
## Wavelength range 100-400 nm, step 9.947598e-13-180 nm 
## 
## # A tibble: 8 × 12
##   w.len…¹ counts   cps s.e.i…² s.q.i…³   Tfr   Rfl s.e.r…⁴ wl.co…⁵ wb.co…⁶ wb.f 
##     <dbl>  <dbl> <dbl>   <dbl>   <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>   <dbl> <chr>   <chr>   <fct>
## 1    100.      0     0       0       0     0     0       0 #000000 <NA>    <NA> 
## 2    100       0     0       0       0     0     0       0 #000000 black   UVC  
## 3    280.      0     0       0       0     0     0       0 #000000 black   UVC  
## 4    280       0     0       0       0     0     0       0 #000000 black   UVB  
## # … with 4 more rows, 1 more variable: y <dbl>, and abbreviated variable names
## #   ¹​w.length, ²​s.e.irrad, ³​s.q.irrad, ⁴​s.e.response, ⁵​wl.color, ⁶​wb.color
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows, and `colnames()` to see all variable names
wb2rect_spct(UV_bands.lst)
## Object: generic_spct [3 x 15]
## Wavelength range 190-357.5 nm, step 60-107.5 nm 
## 
## # A tibble: 3 × 15
##   w.length counts   cps s.e.irrad s.q.irrad   Tfr   Rfl s.e.re…¹ wl.co…² wb.co…³
##      <dbl>  <dbl> <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>    <dbl> <chr>   <chr>  
## 1     190       0     0         0         0     0     0        0 #000000 black  
## 2     298.      0     0         0         0     0     0        0 #000000 black  
## 3     358.      0     0         0         0     0     0        0 #000000 #02000F
## # … with 5 more variables: wb.name <chr>, wb.f <fct>, wl.high <dbl>,
## #   wl.low <dbl>, y <dbl>, and abbreviated variable names ¹​s.e.response,
## #   ²​wl.color, ³​wb.color
## # ℹ Use `colnames()` to see all variable names

Function wb2tagged_spct returns a tagged spectrum, with two rows for each waveband, corresponding to the low and high wavelength boundaries, while function wb2rect_spct returns a spectrum with only one row per waveband, with w.length set to its midpoint but with additional columns xmin and xmax corresponding to the low and high wavelength boundaries of the wavebands.

Function is_tagged can be used to query if an spectrum is tagged or not, and function untag removes the tags.

tg.sun.spct
## Object: source_spct [524 x 6]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 1.023182e-12-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 524 × 6
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad wl.color wb.color wb.f 
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>    <chr>    <fct>
## 1     280          0         0 #000000  <NA>     <NA> 
## 2     281.         0         0 #000000  <NA>     <NA> 
## 3     282.         0         0 #000000  <NA>     <NA> 
## 4     283.         0         0 #000000  <NA>     <NA> 
## # … with 520 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
is_tagged(tg.sun.spct)
## [1] TRUE
untg.sun.spct <- untag(tg.sun.spct)
is_tagged(untg.sun.spct)
## [1] FALSE

In the chuck above, we can see how this works, using in this case the default byref = FALSE which adds the tags to a copy of the spectrum object. In contrast, setting byref = TRUE adds the tags in place, or “by reference”“, to the spct object supplied as argument. Passing arguments by reference is unusual for R and is best avoided.

is_tagged(untg.sun.spct)
## [1] FALSE
untag(tg.sun.spct, byref = TRUE)
## Object: source_spct [524 x 3]
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 1.023182e-12-1 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 524 × 3
##   w.length s.e.irrad s.q.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     280          0         0
## 2     281.         0         0
## 3     282.         0         0
## 4     283.         0         0
## # … with 520 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
is_tagged(untg.sun.spct)
## [1] FALSE

Summaries

Summaries can be calculated both from individual spectral objects (Table 10) and from collections of spectral objects (Table 11). They return a simpler object than the spectral data in their arguments. For example a vector of numeric values, possibly of length one, in the case of individual spectra, or a data frame containing one row of summary data for each spectrum in a collection of spectra.


Table 10. Summary methods for spectra. Key: + available, - not available, (+) object_spct objects can be converted into filter_spct or reflector_spct objects before applying these methods.

methods raw/cps source response filter reflector object chroma
irrad +
e_irrad +
q_irrad +
fluence +
e_fluence +
q_fluence +
ratio +
e_ratio +
q_ratio +
qe_ratio +
eq_ratio +
response +
e_response +
q_response +
transmittance + +
absorptance + +
absorbance + +
reflectance + +
wl_range + + + + + + +
wl_min + + + + + + +
wl_max + + + + + + +
wl_stepsize + + + + + + +
wl_expanse + + + + + + +
wl_midpoint + + + + + + +
labels + + + + + + +
summary + + + + + + +
peaks + + + + (+) -
spikes + + + + (+) -
valleys + + + + (+) -
wls_at_target + + + + (+) -
integrate_spct + + + + + + +
average_spct + + + + + + +
color_of +

As mentioned above, summary methods for collections of spectra return data frame objects. In many cases preserving the attributes from the different members of the collection in the returned value is important, and can be achieved easily by passing a suitable character vector as argument to parameter attr2tb, using the same syntax as described for function add_attr2tb.


Table 11. Summary methods for collections of spectra. Key: + available, * attr2tb supported, – not available, ms use msmsply() to apply function to collection members, d use msdply(), l use mslply to apply function to collection members, a use msaply to apply function to collection members.

methods raw/cps source response filter reflector object chroma
irrad *
e_irrad *
q_irrad *
fluence *
e_fluence *
q_fluence *
ratio *
e_ratio *
q_ratio *
qe_ratio *
eq_ratio *
response *
e_response *
q_response *
transmittance * *
absorptance * *
absorbance * *
reflectance * *
color_of +
wl_range + + + + + + +
wl_min + + + + + + +
wl_max + + + + + + +
wl_stepsize + + + + + + +
wl_spread + + + + + + +
wl_midpoint + + + + + + +
labels l l l l l l l
summary l l l l l l l
peaks + + + + (+) -
valleys + + + + (+) -
spikes + + + + (+) -
wls_at_target + + + + (+) -
integrate_spct a, d, l a, d, l a, d, l a, d, l a, d, l a, d, l a, d, l
average_spct a, d, l a, d, l a, d, l a, d, l a, d, l a, d, l a, d, l

Summary

Specialized definitions of summary and the corresponding print methods are available for spectral objects. Attributes "what.measured", "when.measured" and "where.measured" are included in the summary print out only if set in the spectral object summarized.

summary(sun.spct)
## Summary of source_spct [522 x 3] object: sun.spct
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
##     w.length       s.e.irrad        s.q.irrad        
##  Min.   :280.0   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.000e+00  
##  1st Qu.:409.2   1st Qu.:0.4115   1st Qu.:1.980e-06  
##  Median :539.5   Median :0.5799   Median :2.929e-06  
##  Mean   :539.5   Mean   :0.5160   Mean   :2.407e-06  
##  3rd Qu.:669.8   3rd Qu.:0.6664   3rd Qu.:3.154e-06  
##  Max.   :800.0   Max.   :0.8205   Max.   :3.375e-06
summary(two_suns.spct)
## Summary of source_spct [1,044 x 4] object: two_suns.spct
## containing  2  spectra in long form
## Wavelength range 280-800 nm, step 0.9230769-1 nm
## a label: sunlight, simulated
## b label: sunlight, simulated 
## a measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC
## b measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
##     w.length       s.e.irrad      spct.idx   s.q.irrad        
##  Min.   :280.0   Min.   :0.0000   a:522    Min.   :0.000e+00  
##  1st Qu.:409.0   1st Qu.:0.2471   b:522    1st Qu.:1.159e-06  
##  Median :539.5   Median :0.3494            Median :1.580e-06  
##  Mean   :539.5   Mean   :0.3870            Mean   :1.806e-06  
##  3rd Qu.:670.0   3rd Qu.:0.5799            3rd Qu.:2.928e-06  
##  Max.   :800.0   Max.   :0.8205            Max.   :3.375e-06

Wavelength

Individual spectra

The usual and three new summary methods are available for spectra, but redefined to return wavelength-based summaries in nanometres (nm). For clarity synonyms with clearer names are provided. The three new generic methods midpoint(), expanse() and stepsize() are also defined for numeric.

wl_range(sun.spct)
## [1] 280 800
wl_min(sun.spct)
## [1] 280
wl_max(sun.spct)
## [1] 800
wl_midpoint(sun.spct)
## [1] 540
wl_expanse(sun.spct)
## [1] 520
wl_stepsize(sun.spct)
## [1] 0.9230769 1.0000000

Collections of spectra


Most frequently used summary methods are implemented for collections of spectra. See the Table 11 for those methods that need to be applied with functions msaply, msdply or mslply to members in a collection returning the results in an array (vector, or matrix), a data frame or a list object. In many cases depending of the class desired for the result, one can chose a suitable apply function, and sometimes it is best to use such a function, even when the corresponding method is implemented for collections of spectra.


Collections of spectra can be useful not only for time-series of spectra or spectral images, but also when dealing with a small group of related spectra. In the example below we show how to use a collection of spectra for calculating summaries. The spectra in a collection do not need to have been measured at the same wavelength values, or have the same number of rows or even of columns. Consequently, in many cases applying the wavelength summary functions described above to collections of spectra can be useful. The value returned is a data frame, with a number of data columns equal to the length of the returned value by the corresponding method for individual spectra.

filters.mspct <- filter_mspct(list(none = clear.spct,
                                   pet = polyester.spct,
                                   yellow = yellow_gel.spct))
wl_range(filters.mspct)
## # A tibble: 3 × 3
##   spct.idx min.wl max.wl
##   <fct>     <dbl>  <dbl>
## 1 none        100   5000
## 2 pet         240    800
## 3 yellow      190    800

Peaks, valleys and spikes

Peaks and valleys in spectra are usually features of interest, while in most cases spikes (very narrow peaks or valleys) are undesired “noise”. Of course, there are exceptions and for this reason methods used for extract any of these features have a similar interface.

Peaks and valleys can be identified simply as local maxima and minima, or their actual location better estimated by fitted a model to the local maximum or minimum and its neighbours.

Individual spectra

Methods peaks and valleys take spectra as first argument and return a subset of the spectral object data corresponding to local maxima and local minima of the measured variable. span defines the width of the window used as a number of observations.

peaks(sun.spct, span = 51)
## Object: source_spct [3 x 2]
## Wavelength range 451-747 nm, step 44-252 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 3 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1      451     0.820
## 2      495     0.790
## 3      747     0.503
valleys(sun.spct, span = 51)
## Object: source_spct [9 x 2]
## Wavelength range 358-761 nm, step 30-72 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 9 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1      358     0.254
## 2      393     0.242
## 3      431     0.414
## 4      487     0.651
## # … with 5 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

In the case of source_spct and response_spct methods unit.out can be used to force peaks to be searched using either energy or photon based spectral irradiance. The default is energy, or the option "photobiology.radiation.unit" if set.

peaks(white_led.source_spct, 
      span = 101, 
      unit.out = "photon")$w.length
## [1] 455.48 608.62

By passing refine.wl = TRUE we request that location of the peaks is refined by fitting a model to describe the peak.

peaks(white_led.source_spct, 
      span = 101, 
      unit.out = "photon", 
      refine.wl = TRUE)$w.length
## [1] 455.3068 608.8524

It is possible to approximately set the width in nanometres of the moving window within which a maximum is searched by passing an odd number as argument to span. However, even numbers if passed are increased with a warning.

peaks(sun.spct, span = 21)
## Object: source_spct [18 x 2]
## Wavelength range 354-774 nm, step 11-51 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 18 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1      354     0.376
## 2      366     0.449
## 3      378     0.497
## 4      416     0.676
## # … with 14 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

A value of NULL as argument to span searches for a single maximum for the whole spectrum.

peaks(sun.spct, span = NULL)
## Object: source_spct [1 x 2]
## Wavelength range 451-451 nm, step NA nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 1 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1      451     0.820

The position of peaks can be refined by spline interpolation. This is still an experimental feature, that may fail, especially in the estimate of the value of the spectral quantity at the peak.

peaks(sun.spct, span = NULL, refine.wl = TRUE)
## Object: source_spct [1 x 2]
## Wavelength range 451.02685-451.02685 nm, step NA nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 1 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1     451.     0.821

Method spikes differs from peaks in that it uses a different algorithm that detects only very narrow peaks, usually called by the name of spikes. The value returned is as in the case of peaks a subset of the original spectrum. The parameters controlling the sensitivity also differ.

spikes(sun.spct)
## Object: source_spct [2 x 2]
## Wavelength range 398-432 nm, step 34 nm 
## Label: sunlight, simulated 
## Measured on 2010-06-22 09:51:00 UTC 
## Measured at 60.20911 N, 24.96474 E; Kumpula, Helsinki, FI 
## Time unit 1s
## 
## # A tibble: 2 × 2
##   w.length s.e.irrad
##      <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1      398     0.504
## 2      432     0.646

Low level functions find_peaks, get_peaks, get_valleys, fit_peaks, fit_valleys, and find_spikes take numeric vectors as first argument.

Collections of spectra

The methods are also implemented for collections of spectra.

msmsply(filters.mspct, peaks, span = 21)
## Object: filter_mspct [3 x 1]
## --- Member: none ---
## Object: filter_spct [0 x 5]
## Label: theoretical fully transparent object 
## Transmittance of type 'internal'
## Rfr (/1): NA, thickness (mm): NA, attenuation mode: NA.
## 
## # A tibble: 0 × 5
## # … with 5 variables: w.length <dbl>, Tfr <dbl>, Rfr.constant <dbl>,
## #   thickness <dbl>, attenuation.mode <chr>
## # ℹ Use `colnames()` to see all variable names
## --- Member: pet ---
## Object: filter_spct [3 x 2]
## Wavelength range 451-714 nm, step 102-161 nm 
## Label: clear polyester film 
## Transmittance of type 'total'
## Rfr (/1): 0.07, thickness (mm): 0.125, attenuation mode: absorption.
## 
## # A tibble: 3 × 2
##   w.length   Tfr
##      <int> <dbl>
## 1      451 0.925
## 2      612 0.918
## 3      714 0.913
## --- Member: yellow ---
## Object: filter_spct [5 x 2]
## Wavelength range 331-768 nm, step 23-293 nm 
## Label: yellow theatrical 'gel', Rosco supergel no. 312, 'canary yellow' 
## Transmittance of type 'total'
## Rfr (/1): 0.07, thickness (mm): 0.085, attenuation mode: absorption.
## 
## # A tibble: 5 × 2
##   w.length     Tfr
##      <int>   <dbl>
## 1      331 0.00471
## 2      624 0.898  
## 3      708 0.900  
## 4      731 0.901  
## 5      768 0.902  
## 
## --- END ---

Two of the filters in the collection do not have peaks, and a spectrum object of length zero is returned for them.

Wavelengths at target value

Method wls_at_target takes a spectrum as first argument and returns a subset of the spectral object data or a new object corresponding to wavelengths at which the spectrum is at the target value. Geometrically is equivalent to finding the wavelengths at which a horizontal target line intercepts the curve depicting the spectrum.

wls_at_target(Ler_leaf_trns.spct, target = "half.maximum")
## Object: filter_spct [1 x 2]
## Wavelength range 709.35352-709.35352 nm, step NA nm 
## Label: Ler_06_black.spct 
## Measured on 2017-07-03 13:18:18 UTC 
## Transmittance of type 'total'
## 
## # A tibble: 1 × 2
##   w.length   Tfr
##      <dbl> <dbl>
## 1     709. 0.222
wls_at_target(Ler_leaf_trns.spct, target = "half.maximum", interpolate = TRUE)
## Object: filter_spct [1 x 2]
## Wavelength range 709.50991-709.50991 nm, step NA nm 
## Label: Ler_06_black.spct 
## Measured on 2017-07-03 13:18:18 UTC 
## Transmittance of type 'total'
## Rfr (/1): NA, thickness (mm): NA, attenuation mode: NA.
## 
## # A tibble: 1 × 2
##   w.length   Tfr
##      <dbl> <dbl>
## 1     710. 0.224

This function can be used with all spectral classes defined in the package. In the case of source_spct and response_spct methods parameter unit.out allows to switch between energy and photon units for the search and returned value, while in the case of filter_spct methods filter.qty` allows to switch between transmittance, absorptance and absorbance.

Collections of spectra

The method is also implemented for collections of spectra.

wls_at_target(filters.mspct, target = "half.maximum")
## Object: filter_mspct [3 x 1]
## --- Member: none ---
## Object: filter_spct [0 x 2]
## Transmittance of type 'total'
## Rfr (/1): NA, thickness (mm): NA, attenuation mode: NA.
## 
## # A tibble: 0 × 2
## # … with 2 variables: w.length <dbl>, Tfr <dbl>
## # ℹ Use `colnames()` to see all variable names
## --- Member: pet ---
## Object: filter_spct [1 x 2]
## Wavelength range 322-322 nm, step NA nm 
## Label: clear polyester film 
## Transmittance of type 'total'
## Rfr (/1): 0.07, thickness (mm): 0.125, attenuation mode: absorption.
## 
## # A tibble: 1 × 2
##   w.length   Tfr
##      <int> <dbl>
## 1      322 0.462
## --- Member: yellow ---
## Object: filter_spct [1 x 2]
## Wavelength range 509-509 nm, step NA nm 
## Label: yellow theatrical 'gel', Rosco supergel no. 312, 'canary yellow' 
## Transmittance of type 'total'
## Rfr (/1): 0.07, thickness (mm): 0.085, attenuation mode: absorption.
## 
## # A tibble: 1 × 2
##   w.length   Tfr
##      <int> <dbl>
## 1      509 0.457
## 
## --- END ---

Irradiance

Energy irradiance is the integral over wavelengths of spectral energy irradiance

\[E = \int_{\lambda = \lambda_1}^{\lambda = \lambda_2} E(\lambda)\ \mathrm{d}\lambda\] where \(\lambda_1 \geq \lambda > \lambda_2\) defines a waveband, or range of wavelengths.

Photon (=quantum) irradiance is the integral over wavelengths of spectral photon irradiance.

\[Q = \int_{\lambda = \lambda_1}^{\lambda = \lambda_2} Q(\lambda)\ \mathrm{d}\lambda\] Spectrally weighted (or biologically effective) energy irradiance is the integral of the result of the convolution of spectral energy irradiance by a spectral weighting function \(w(\lambda)\).

\[E_{BE} = \int_{\lambda = \lambda_1}^{\lambda = \lambda_2} E(\lambda) \cdot w_E(\lambda)\ \mathrm{d}\lambda\] Spectrally weighted (or effective) photon irradiance can be computed similarly with the corresponding weighting function \(w_Q(\lambda)\).

Individual spectra

The code using spct objects is simple; to integrate the whole spectrum we can use irrad() that returns by default energy irradiance, unless an R option is set to make photon-based units the default. When this flexibility is not needed, e_irrad() and q_irrad() should be preferred. For most examples we use energy-based units and e_irrad(), but they also apply unchanged to q_irrad() and photon-based units, and vice-versa for those examples using q_irrad().

The abbreviations E and Q are used to denote these two quantities, usually with the waveband as a subscript. In what follows “Total” as subscript denotes the whole range of wavelengths in the spectrum. This is the default.

e_irrad(sun.spct)
##  E_Total 
## 269.1249 
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "second"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "total energy irradiance"

To integrate one restricted range of wavelengths from a spectrum, we can provide a wavelength definition. In this example, waveband PAR.wb giving the definition of photosynthetically active radiation. (PAR.wb was defined above.)

e_irrad(sun.spct, PAR.wb)
##    E_PAR 
## 196.6343 
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "second"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "total energy irradiance"

It is also valid to pass as argument for w.band a numeric range representing wavelengths in manometers (nm), which is converted into a waveband definition on-the-fly. Note, however, that the automatically assigned name gives only the range.

e_irrad(sun.spct, c(400, 700))
## E_range.400.700 
##        196.6343 
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "second"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "total energy irradiance"

The ‘photobiology’ package uses base SI units, so by default photon irradiance (= quantum irradiance) is expressed in \(mol\,s^{-1}\,m^{-2}\). We can pass a scaling factor as shown below if needed.

q_irrad(sun.spct, PAR.wb, scale.factor = 1e6) # umol s-1 m-2
##    Q_PAR 
## 894.1352 
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "second"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "total photon irradiance"

It is possible to supply a time unit to use, instead of the default of seconds, as basis of expression for the returned value. However, be aware that conversion into a different time unit than that used during measurement, is only valid for sources like lamps, which have an output the remains constant in time.

q_irrad(white_led.source_spct, PAR.wb, time.unit = "hour")
##    Q_PAR 
## 1.584957 
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "hour"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "total photon irradiance"

Using a shorter time unit than the original, yields an average value re-expressed on a new time unit base.

e_irrad(sun.daily.spct, PAR.wb, time.unit = "second")
##    E_PAR 
## 92.16251 
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "second"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "total energy irradiance"

Lists of wavebands are also accepted as argument for parameter w.band in which case a named numeric vector of summary values is returned by default.

e_irrad(sun.spct, UV_bands.lst) # W m-2
##      E_UVB      E_UVA 
##  0.6445105 27.9842061 
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "second"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "total energy irradiance"
q_irrad(sun.spct, UV_bands.lst) # mol s-1 m-2
##        Q_UVB        Q_UVA 
## 1.675362e-06 8.481970e-05 
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "second"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "total photon irradiance"
q_irrad(sun.spct, UV_bands.lst, scale.factor = 1e6) # umol s-1 m-2
##     Q_UVB     Q_UVA 
##  1.675362 84.819697 
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "second"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "total photon irradiance"

These functions have an additional argument quantity, with default "total", which can take values controlling the output. The value “total” yields irradiance in \(W\,m^{-2}\), integrated over wavelengths for each waveband, while “average” yields the mean spectral irradiance within each waveband in \(W\,m^{-2}\,nm^{-1}\).

e_irrad(sun.spct, UV_bands.lst, quantity = "total") # watt m-2
##      E_UVB      E_UVA 
##  0.6445105 27.9842061 
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "second"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "total energy irradiance"
e_irrad(sun.spct, UV_bands.lst, quantity = "average") # watt m-2 nm-1
##  E(wl)_UVB  E(wl)_UVA 
## 0.01841458 0.32922595 
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "second"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "average energy irradiance"

When quantity = "contribution" irradiances for individual wavebands are expressed relative to the irradiance computed for the whole spectrum, while for quantity = "relative" they are expressed relative to the sum of the irradiances for all the wavebands. In both cases values are expressed as fractions of one.

e_irrad(sun.spct, UV_bands.lst, quantity = "contribution")
##  E/Etot_UVB  E/Etot_UVA 
## 0.002394838 0.103982226 
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "second"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "contribution energy irradiance"
e_irrad(sun.spct, UV_bands.lst, quantity = "relative")
## E/Esum_UVB E/Esum_UVA 
## 0.02251273 0.97748727 
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "second"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "relative energy irradiance"

When setting "contribution.pc" or "relative.pc" as quantity the same values as in the examples above, are expressed as percentages instead of fractions.

e_irrad(sun.spct, UV_bands.lst, quantity = "contribution.pc")
## E/Etot_UVB E/Etot_UVA 
##  0.2394838 10.3982226 
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "second"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "contribution.pc energy irradiance"
e_irrad(sun.spct, UV_bands.lst, quantity = "relative.pc")
## E/Esum_UVB E/Esum_UVA 
##   2.251273  97.748727 
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "second"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "relative.pc energy irradiance"

The total radiation received on a surface during an exposure event can be also calculated with methods irrad(), e_irrad() and q_irrad(), but the values returned are irradiances expressed on a very unusual time basis. These are no longer W m-2 (J s-1 m-2), but instead J per 8 hours per square meter.

e_irrad(sun.spct, PAR.wb, time.unit = duration(8, "hours"))
##   E_PAR 
## 5663067 
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "28800s (~8 hours)"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "total energy irradiance"

When the intention is to calculate a total fluence or exposure for an event, function fluence(), e_fluence() or q_fluence() should be used as this will add the correct metadata attributes to the returned value: expressed as energy or photons per unit area per event. See later sections for details.

e_fluence(sun.spct, PAR.wb, exposure.time = duration(8, "hours"))
##   E_PAR 
## 5663067 
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "energy fluence (J m-2)"
## attr(,"exposure.duration")
## [1] "28800s (~8 hours)"

In all earlier examples in this section, the default naming of returned values was active. The default naming of the values is an abbreviation of the physical quantity plus the name of the wavelength. Alternatively "short" naming uses only the name of the wavebands as shown below, obtained from the label stored in the waveband definitions.

q_irrad(sun.spct, UV_bands.lst, naming = "short")
##          UVB          UVA 
## 1.675362e-06 8.481970e-05 
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "second"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "total photon irradiance"

Naming can also be completely suppressed.

q_irrad(sun.spct, UV_bands.lst, naming = "none")
## [1] 1.675362e-06 8.481970e-05
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "second"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "total photon irradiance"

Names of members of a list of wavebands, override the labels in waveband definitions.

names(UV_bands.lst) <- c("UV-C", "UV-B", "UV-A")
q_irrad(sun.spct, UV_bands.lst, naming = "short", scale.factor = 1e6)
##      UV-B      UV-A 
##  1.675362 84.819697 
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "second"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "total photon irradiance"

Collections of spectra

Collections of spectra can be useful not only for time-series of spectra or spectral images, but also when dealing with a small group of related spectra. In the example below we show how to use a collection of spectra to estimate irradiances under different filters set up in sunlight.

We create a collection of two spectra, for use in our examples.

two_suns.mspct <- source_mspct(list(sun1 = sun.spct, sun2 = sun.spct * 2))

Methods irrad(), e_irrad() and q_irrad() can be used for collections of spectra exactly as for a single spectrum (as described above). We here only show the additional features that apply to collections. In this first example, we can see that the returned object is a data frame instead of a named numeric vector.

e_irrad(two_suns.mspct, w.band = PAR.wb)
## # A tibble: 2 × 2
##   spct.idx E_PAR
##   <fct>    <dbl>
## 1 sun1      197.
## 2 sun2      393.

Spectral objects can contain metadata as attributes. When summarizing a collection of spectra it is frequently very useful to copy some of these metadata, extracted from each member of the collection, to columns in the returned data frame. This can be done as follows.

q_irrad(two_suns.mspct, 
        w.band = PAR.wb,
        scale.factor = 1e6, # umol m-2 s-1
        attr2tb = c(when.measured = "time", lon = "lon", lat = "lat"))
## # A tibble: 2 × 5
##   spct.idx Q_PAR time                  lon   lat
##   <fct>    <dbl> <dttm>              <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 sun1      894. 2010-06-22 09:51:00  25.0  60.2
## 2 sun2     1788. 2010-06-22 09:51:00  25.0  60.2

For a more advanced example, we reuse the collection of filter spectra filters.mspct from an earlier section. We convolve each filter’s spectral transmittance by the spectral irradiance of the light source so as to predict the irradiances under the filters. We specify the name of the column where the names of the spectra (their index) is stored.

filtered_sun <- convolve_each(filters.mspct, sun.spct)
q_irrad(filtered_sun,
        list(UVA.wb, PAR.wb),
        scale.factor = 1e6,
        idx = "Filter")
## # A tibble: 3 × 3
##   Filter  Q_UVA Q_PAR
##   <fct>   <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 none   84.8    894.
## 2 pet    70.2    823.
## 3 yellow  0.105  536.

The code above example can also be written as a single statement. Here we also tweak column names, delete one column, and swap the position of the remaining columns.

q_irrad(convolve_each(filters.mspct, sun.spct), 
        list("UV-A" = UVA.wb, PAR.wb),
        scale.factor = 1e6,  # umol m-2 s-1
        naming = "short",
        attr2tb = c(what.measured = "Filter type"))[ , c(4, 2, 3)]
## # A tibble: 3 × 3
##   `Filter type`                                                    `UV-A`   PAR
##   <chr>                                                             <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 theoretical fully transparent object                             84.8    894.
## 2 clear polyester film                                             70.2    823.
## 3 yellow theatrical 'gel', Rosco supergel no. 312, 'canary yellow'  0.105  536.

It is also possible to use an apply function. See sections apply functions and convolve for more details, as in certain cases only one or the other can be used.

Fluence

Energy fluence is energy irradiance integrated over a lapse of time or event, and is expressed as energy per area.

Energy fluence is the integral over wavelengths and time of spectral energy irradiance

\[F_E = \int_{\lambda = \lambda_1}^{\lambda = \lambda_2} \int_{t = t_1}^{t = t_2} E(\lambda)\ \mathrm{d}\lambda\,\mathrm{d}t\] where \(\lambda_1 \geq \lambda > \lambda_2\) defines a waveband, or range of wavelengths, and \(t_1 \geq t > t_2\).

However, if we assume that irradiance does not vary in time it simplifies to \[F_E = \Delta t\times\int_{\lambda = \lambda_1}^{\lambda = \lambda_2} E(\lambda)\ \mathrm{d}\lambda\] where \(\Delta t = t_2 - t_1\).

The equivalent equation for photon fluence is \[F_Q = \Delta t\times\int_{\lambda = \lambda_1}^{\lambda = \lambda_2} Q(\lambda)\ \mathrm{d}\lambda\]

Spectrally weighted (or effective) energy fluence is the integral over wavelengths and time of the result of the convolution of spectral energy irradiance by a spectral weight function \(w(\lambda)\). Assuming that spectral irradiance does not vary with time the corresponding equation is

\[F_{E_{BE}} = \Delta t\times\int_{\lambda = \lambda_1}^{\lambda = \lambda_2} E(\lambda) \times w_E(\lambda)\ \mathrm{d}\lambda\]

Spectrally weighted (or effective) photon fluence can be computed similarly with the corresponding weighting function \(w_Q(\lambda)\).

Individual spectra

The calculation of fluence values (time-integrated irradiance) is identical to that for irradiance, except that a exposure.time argument needs to be supplied. The exposure time must be a lubridate::duration, but any argument accepted by as.duration can also be used. Functions fluence, e_fluence and q_fluence correspond to irrad, e_irrad and q_irrad,

fluence(sun.spct, exposure.time = duration(1, "hours"))
##  E_Total 
## 968849.6 
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "energy fluence (J m-2)"
## attr(,"exposure.duration")
## [1] "3600s (~1 hours)"

or

fluence(sun.spct, exposure.time = 3600) # seconds
## converting 'time.unit' 3600 into a lubridate::duration
##  E_Total 
## 968849.6 
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "energy fluence (J m-2)"
## attr(,"exposure.duration")
## [1] 3600

and, to obtain the photon fluence for a range of wavelengths, in the example, photosynthetically active radiation, we use the PAR.wb waveband object earlier defined, and integrate for 25 minutes of exposure.

q_fluence(sun.spct, PAR.wb, exposure.time = duration(25, "minutes"))
##    Q_PAR 
## 1.341203 
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "photon fluence (mol m-2)"
## attr(,"exposure.duration")
## [1] "1500s (~25 minutes)"

Photon and energy ratios

A way to summarize the “colour” of light is to compute a ratio between irradiances computed for two different wavebands of the same spectrum. They can be computed either on an energy or photon (quantum) basis, and although not a requirement, use of two wavelength bands with the same expanse is usually most informative. Photon ratios are usually preferred compared to energy ratios in work related to photobiology and photochemistry.

\[Q_1 : Q_2 = \frac{\int_{\lambda = \lambda_1}^{\lambda = \lambda_2} Q(\lambda)\ \mathrm{d}\lambda} {\int_{\lambda = \lambda_3}^{\lambda = \lambda_4} Q(\lambda)\ \mathrm{d}\lambda}\]

where \(\lambda_1 \geq \lambda > \lambda_2\) defines the waveband for the numerator and \(\lambda_3 \geq \lambda > \lambda_4\) defines the waveband for the denominator, i.e., two ranges of wavelengths.

Energy ratios are computed similarly

\[E_1 : E_2 = \frac{\int_{\lambda = \lambda_1}^{\lambda = \lambda_2} E(\lambda)\ \mathrm{d}\lambda} {\int_{\lambda = \lambda_3}^{\lambda = \lambda_4} E(\lambda)\ \mathrm{d}\lambda}\]

where \(\lambda_1 \geq \lambda > \lambda_2\) defines the waveband for the numerator and \(\lambda_3 \geq \lambda > \lambda_4\) defines the waveband for the denominator, i.e., two ranges of wavelengths.

An energy irradiance to photon irradiance ratio describes the average energy per mol of photon for a waveband or range of wavelengths.

\[E : Q = \frac{\int_{\lambda = \lambda_1}^{\lambda = \lambda_2} E(\lambda)\ \mathrm{d}\lambda} {\int_{\lambda = \lambda_1}^{\lambda = \lambda_2} Q(\lambda)\ \mathrm{d}\lambda}\]

where \(\lambda_1 \geq \lambda > \lambda_2\) defines a waveband, or range of wavelengths.

We can compute the photon to energy ratio (\(Q : E\)) similarly.

Although all these ratios are usually computed without use of spectral weighting functions, their computation can be easily done by including in the equations above a weighting functions (\(w(\lambda)\)) as described in the section on irradiance.

Individual spectra

The functions described here, in there simplest use, calculate a ratio between two wavebands. The function q_ratio returning photon ratios. However both waveband parameters can take lists of wavebands as arguments, with normal recycling rules in effect. The corresponding function e_ratio returns energy ratios.

A single ratio.

q_ratio(sun.spct, UVB.wb, PAR.wb)
## UVB:PAR[q:q] 
##  0.001873724 
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "q:q ratio"

If no waveband is passed as numerator, the whole spectrum is used. The waveband fully outside the wavelength range of the spectrum is dropped silently.

q_ratio(sun.spct, list(UVC.wb, UVB.wb, UVA.wb))
## UVB:Total[q:q] UVA:Total[q:q] 
##    0.001334593    0.067567343 
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "q:q ratio"

Three denominators (one skipped) and a single denominator.

q_ratio(sun.spct, list(UVC.wb, UVB.wb, UVA.wb), PAR.wb)
## UVB:PAR[q:q] UVA:PAR[q:q] 
##  0.001873724  0.094862270 
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "q:q ratio"

Function qe_ratio, has only one waveband parameter, and returns the photon to energy ratio, while its complement eq_ratio returns the energy to photon ratio. Here we show how parameters scale.factor and name.tag make scaling the returned value easy.

qe_ratio(sun.spct,
         list("UV-B" = UVB.wb, PAR.wb), 
         scale.factor = 1e6,
         name.tag = " (umol/J)")
## UV-B (umol/J)  PAR (umol/J) 
##      2.599434      4.547199 
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "q:e ratio"

Collections of spectra

As other summary methods, q_ratio(), e_ratio(), qe_ratio() and eq_ratio() when applied to a collection of spectra, they return a data frame.

q_ratio(filtered_sun, 
        list(UVB.wb, UVA.wb),
        PAR.wb)
## # A tibble: 3 × 3
##   spct.idx `UVB:PAR[q:q]` `UVA:PAR[q:q]`
##   <fct>             <dbl>          <dbl>
## 1 none         0.00187          0.0949  
## 2 pet          0.0000720        0.0853  
## 3 yellow       0.00000387       0.000196

Additional parameters allow the scaling and customized column names possible.

q_ratio(filtered_sun, 
        list(UVB.wb, UVA.wb),
        PAR.wb, 
        scale.factor = 100, 
        name.tag = " (% photons)", 
        idx = "Filter")
## # A tibble: 3 × 3
##   Filter `UVB:PAR (% photons)` `UVA:PAR (% photons)`
##   <fct>                  <dbl>                 <dbl>
## 1 none                0.187                   9.49  
## 2 pet                 0.00720                 8.53  
## 3 yellow              0.000387                0.0196

Transmittance, reflectance, absorptance and absorbance

Given the laws of conservation of energy, transmittance, reflectance and absorptance, expressed as fractions, always add up to one.

\[1 = R_\mathrm{fr,total} + A_\mathrm{fr,total} + T_\mathrm{fr,total}\] Transmittance can be defined either as the fraction of the radiation “entering” an object that is transmitted, called internal transmittance (\(T_\mathrm{fr,internal}\)) or as the fraction of the ration incident on an object that is transmitted (\(T_\mathrm{fr,total}\)).

\[1 \times R_\mathrm{fr,total} = A_\mathrm{fr,internal} + T_\mathrm{fr,internal}\] giving

\[T_\mathrm{fr,internal} = T_\mathrm{fr,total} / R_\mathrm{fr,total}\] and \[A_\mathrm{fr,internal} = T_\mathrm{fr,total} / R_\mathrm{fr,total}\] In the case of reflectance, “total” has a different meaning, and refers to whether all reflected light or that an specific angle in considered.

In practice, both definitions of transmittance and absorptance are in use, while as it is easier to measure total- than internal transmittance, internal transmittance allows the computation of transmittance for different thickness of a material.

Consequently, absorptance can be computed as:

\[A_\mathrm{fr,internal} = 1 - T_\mathrm{fr,internal}\] or as

\[A_\mathrm{fr,total} = 1 - T_\mathrm{fr,total} - R_\mathrm{fr,total}\] Absorbance, is a log transformed quantity that tends to be used when the range of values spans several orders of magnitude. It is frequently based on internal absorptance, but can be also based on total absorptance.

\[A_\mathrm{internal} = -\log_{10}(1 -A_\mathrm{fr,internal}) = -\log_{10}(T_\mathrm{fr,internal}) \] and

\[A_\mathrm{total} = -\log_{10}(1 - A_\mathrm{fr,total}) = -\log_{10}(T_\mathrm{fr,total} + R_\mathrm{fr,total})\] When using a spectrophotometer, if our reference is a cuvette with pure solvent and the sample a solution of a compound in the same solvent we measure internal transmittance, absorptance or absorbance. If we instead measure the transmittance of a piece of glass or plastic with air as reference, we measure total transmittance, absorptance or absorbance. This is so because in the first case the reference is the light transmitted after the reflectance on the cuvette walls has taken place while in the second case the reflections at the glass-air interfaces are missing from the reference.

As a result of these different definitions, the implementation of the class filter_spct() and object_spct and their methods, need to keep track of whether quantities are expressed as internal or total. As in many glasses reflectance varies very weakly with wavelength, storing a constant value for \(R_\mathrm{fr,total}\) is also supported. The refractive index of a material can also be used to estimate \(R_\mathrm{fr,total}\) for a polished surface. Lack of a value for \(R_\mathrm{fr,total}\) can make some conversions and computations impossible.

Individual spectra

The functions transmittance, absorptance and absorbance take filter_spct as argument, while function reflectance takes reflector_spct objects as argument. Functions transmittance, reflectance and absorptance are also implemented for object_spct. These functions return as default an average value for these quantities assuming a light source with a flat spectral energy output, but this can be changed as described above for irrad().

transmittance(polyester.spct, list(UVB.wb, UVA.wb, PAR.wb))
## Tfr(wl)_UVB Tfr(wl)_UVA Tfr(wl)_PAR 
## 0.009722449 0.781851261 0.920239286 
## attr(,"Tfr.type")
## [1] "unknown"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "transmittance average"

We can obtain numerical values without names if needed,

transmittance(polyester.spct, 
              list(UVB.wb, UVA.wb, PAR.wb),
              naming = "none")
## [1] 0.009722449 0.781851261 0.920239286
## attr(,"Tfr.type")
## [1] "unknown"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "transmittance average"

or named only according to the wavebands.

transmittance(polyester.spct, 
              list(UVB.wb, UVA.wb, PAR.wb),
              naming = "short")
##         UVB         UVA         PAR 
## 0.009722449 0.781851261 0.920239286 
## attr(,"Tfr.type")
## [1] "unknown"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "transmittance average"

The reflectance of a leaf.

reflectance(green_leaf.spct, waveband(c(600, 700)))
## Rfr(wl)_range.600.700 
##              0.089647 
## attr(,"Rfr.type")
## [1] "unknown"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "reflectance average"

Collections of spectra

Here we calculate the transmittance of a collection of spectra for three filters in two wavebands, obtaining the results as a data frame, with one row per filter, and one column per waveband. We reuse once more filters.mspct from an earlier section.

Column names formed from quantity abbreviation and label in waveband definitions.

transmittance(filters.mspct, 
              w.band = list(UVA.wb, PAR.wb))
## # A tibble: 3 × 3
##   spct.idx `Tfr(wl)_UVA` `Tfr(wl)_PAR`
##   <fct>            <dbl>         <dbl>
## 1 none           1.00            1.00 
## 2 pet            0.782           0.920
## 3 yellow         0.00160         0.566

With naming = "short" column names are the labels of waveband definitions.

transmittance(filters.mspct, 
              w.band = list(UVA.wb, PAR.wb),
              naming = "short")
## # A tibble: 3 × 3
##   spct.idx     UVA   PAR
##   <fct>      <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 none     1.00    1.00 
## 2 pet      0.782   0.920
## 3 yellow   0.00160 0.566

If list members are named, column names are formed from quantity abbreviation and name of list members, overriding the labels in the waveband definitions.

transmittance(filters.mspct, 
              w.band = list("UV-A" = UVA.wb, PAR = PAR.wb))
## # A tibble: 3 × 3
##   spct.idx `Tfr(wl)_UV-A` `Tfr(wl)_PAR`
##   <fct>             <dbl>         <dbl>
## 1 none            1.00            1.00 
## 2 pet             0.782           0.920
## 3 yellow          0.00160         0.566

If list members are named, with naming = "short" column names are the names of list members.

transmittance(filters.mspct, 
              w.band = list(UVA = UVA.wb, PAR = PAR.wb),
              naming = "short")
## # A tibble: 3 × 3
##   spct.idx     UVA   PAR
##   <fct>      <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 none     1.00    1.00 
## 2 pet      0.782   0.920
## 3 yellow   0.00160 0.566

We can add metadata attributes as columns, changing the name if desired.

transmittance(filters.mspct, 
              w.band = UVA.wb,
              naming = "short",
              attr2tb = c("what.measured" = "Filter type"))
## # A tibble: 3 × 3
##   spct.idx     UVA `Filter type`                                                
##   <fct>      <dbl> <chr>                                                        
## 1 none     1.00    theoretical fully transparent object                         
## 2 pet      0.782   clear polyester film                                         
## 3 yellow   0.00160 yellow theatrical 'gel', Rosco supergel no. 312, 'canary yel…

We can add metadata attributes as a column, and select and rearrange the columns.

transmittance(filters.mspct,
              w.band = UVA.wb,
              attr2tb = "what.measured")[ , c(3, 2)]
## # A tibble: 3 × 2
##   what.measured                                                    `Tfr(wl)_UVA`
##   <chr>                                                                    <dbl>
## 1 theoretical fully transparent object                                   1.00   
## 2 clear polyester film                                                   0.782  
## 3 yellow theatrical 'gel', Rosco supergel no. 312, 'canary yellow'       0.00160

Normalized difference indexes

Like the ratios discussed above normalized differences are a way of summarizing or describing the colour of light sources or objects independently of the overall irradiance. As their name tells, they are defined as differences relative to a sum.

Normalized difference indexes are used to summarize the spectral characteristics of light or objects. They are most frequently used in the analysis of spectral reflectance data in remote sensing.

\[NDI_{a, b} = \frac{R_a - R_b}{R_a + R_b}\]

where \(R_a\) and \(R_b\) are reflectances computed from the same spectrum using two different wavebands.

The most frequently used NDI is the NDVI or normalized difference vegetation index, which compares reflectance in the red and far-red regions as a way of assessing the presence of vegetation vs. bare land in remote sensing imagery.

However, they can be computed based on energy or photon irradiances for two wavebands as shown here, or for any other spectral quantity.

\[NDI_{a, b} = \frac{Q_a - Q_b}{Q_a + Q_b}\]

where \(Q_a\) and \(Q_b\) are irradiances computed from the same spectrum using two different wavebands.

Although we here describe how to compute normalized difference indexes from spectral data, they are most frequently generated from data from broad-band sensors in satellite, air-borne or terrestrial imagers. To reconstruct from spectral data indexes computed from these instruments we need to use waveband definitions that mimic the spectral response of the imager of interest. Package ‘photobiologyWavebands’ provides pre-defined wavebands for several different satellite imagers as well as for wavelength ranges in common use.

Individual spectra

Here we give an example of a possible definition of NDVI using function normalized_diff_ind() can be used to calculate, or any index with a similar formulation structure.

normalized_diff_ind(Ler_leaf_rflt.spct,
                    waveband(c(740, 840)), waveband(c(590, 690)),
                    reflectance)
## NDI reflectance [740.840] - [590.690] 
##                             0.7653852

Here we give an unusual example to demonstrate that function normalized_diff_ind() can be used to calculate any index with a similar formulation structure and using other spectral quantities and summary functions.

normalized_diff_ind(sun.spct,
                    waveband(c(600, 700)), waveband(c(400, 500)),
                    q_irrad)
## NDI q_irrad [600.700] - [400.500] 
##                        0.09188363

Integrated response

As with other spectral quantities, we can integrate over wavelengths spectral responsiveness. In response and action spectra the quantity is a response measured in some arbitrary unit expressed per unit wavelengths and per unit energy or quantum.

\[X_E = \int_{\lambda = \lambda_1}^{\lambda = \lambda_2} X_E(\lambda)\ \mathrm{d}\lambda\] where \(\lambda_1 \geq \lambda > \lambda_2\) defines a waveband, or range of wavelengths.

The conversion between energy and photon (= quantum) basis of expression is possible as it is for radiation spectra. Depending on the base of expression the returned integrated value is computed assuming either a light source with a flat spectral energy irradiance of 1 or spectral photon irradiance of 1, respectively.

Individual spectra

The functions response, e_response and q_response take response_spct objects as arguments. If no waveband is supplied as argument, the whole spectrum is integrated.

response(photodiode.spct)
## R[/e]_Total 
##    24.40478 
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "second"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "total energy response"

When a waveband, or list of wavebands, is supplied the response is calculated for the wavebands.

e_response(photodiode.spct, list(UVB.wb, UVA.wb))
## R[/e]_]UVB  R[/e]_UVA 
##   0.346462   5.981818 
## attr(,"time.unit")
## [1] "second"
## attr(,"radiation.unit")
## [1] "total energy response"

This function has an additional argument quantity, with default "total", as described for irrad().

Collections of spectra

sensors <- response_mspct(list(GaAsP = photodiode.spct,
                               CCD = ccd.spct))
response(sensors, list(UVB.wb, UVA.wb, PAR.wb), quantity = "contribution")
## # A tibble: 2 × 4
##   spct.idx `R/Rtot[/e]_]UVB` `R/Rtot[/e]_UVA` `R/Rtot[/e]_PAR[`
##   <fct>                <dbl>            <dbl>             <dbl>
## 1 GaAsP               0.0142           0.245              0.741
## 2 CCD                 0.0215           0.0634             0.411

Integration over wavelengths

When we need to integrate some numeric variable stored in a spectral object we can use functions integrate_spct or average_spct.

Calculation from individual spectra

We can integrate the values of arbitrary numeric columns other than w.length in an spectral object. All spectral classes are derived from generic_spct, so the examples in this section apply to objects of any of the derived spectral classes as well.

integrate_spct(sun.spct)
##      e.irrad      q.irrad 
## 2.691249e+02 1.255336e-03

The function average_spct integrates every column holding numeric values from a spectrum object, except for w.length, and divides the result by the spread or width of the wavelength range integrated, returning a value expressed in the same units as the spectral data.

average_spct(sun.spct)
##      e.irrad      q.irrad 
## 5.175479e-01 2.414107e-06

Comparison of spectra

Comparison of spectra for which data is expressed at different discrete wavelength values can be easily affected by bias if interpolation is used. Function compare_spct() does a coarse grained comparison by first summarizing each spectrum over consecutive ranges of wavelengths, and then applying a comparison function to these summary values.

The function can be used to compare pairs of spectra, stored as a collection. In the next example we compare two source_spct objects using defaults for most arguments.

compare_spct(source_mspct(list(sun1 = sun.spct, sun2 = sun.spct * 2)))
## Object: generic_spct [52 x 6]
## Wavelength range 285-795 nm, step 10 nm 
## 
## # A tibble: 52 × 6
##   w.length wl.min wl.max sun1.irrad sun2.irrad comparison.result
##      <dbl>  <dbl>  <dbl>      <dbl>      <dbl>             <dbl>
## 1      285    280    290    0          0                     NaN
## 2      295    290    300    0.00204    0.00407                 2
## 3      305    300    310    0.203      0.406                   2
## 4      315    310    320    1.13       2.26                    2
## # … with 48 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

The value returned by default is a generic_spct object containing the computed summaries for each waveband plus the result of the comparison between the summaries. The first three columns contain the wavelength at the midpoint of the wavelength range of waveband plus its extremes.

In this example we compare two filter_spct objects, using summaries over 50-nm-wide bands, and using an operator returning a logical value for the comparison instead of the default division operator.

compare_spct(filter_mspct(list(pet = polyester.spct,
                              yllw = yellow_gel.spct)),
             w.band = 50,
            .comparison.fun = `<`)
## Object: generic_spct [11 x 6]
## Wavelength range 265-765 nm, step 50 nm 
## 
## # A tibble: 11 × 6
##   w.length wl.min wl.max pet.transmittance yllw.transmittance comparison.result
##      <dbl>  <dbl>  <dbl>             <dbl>              <dbl> <lgl>            
## 1      265    240    290           0.00386          0.0000100 TRUE             
## 2      315    290    340           0.292            0.00220   TRUE             
## 3      365    340    390           0.861            0.000825  TRUE             
## 4      415    390    440           0.918            0.0000100 TRUE             
## # … with 7 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

RGB colours

Different color_of() methods allow calculation of RGB colour values for light sources or objects. The returned values are R colour definitions. Method color_of() works rather differently depending on the object. The method for numeric vectors assumes the numbers are wavelengths in nanometres, and returns a vector of colour definitions of the same length assuming monochromatic light.

color_of(550) # green
## wl.550.nm.CMF 
##     "#00FF00"
color_of(630) # red
## wl.630.nm.CMF 
##     "#FF0000"
color_of(c(550, 630, 380, 750)) # vectorized
## wl.550.nm.CMF wl.630.nm.CMF wl.380.nm.CMF wl.750.nm.CMF 
##     "#00FF00"     "#FF0000"     "#000000"     "#000000"

The method for source_spct objects returns a single colour definition corresponding to the whole spectrum of a light sources.

color_of(sun.spct)
## source.CMF 
##  "#544F4B"
color_of(sun.spct * yellow_gel.spct)
## source.CMF 
##  "#946000"

There are no methods for filter_spct and reflector_spct objects so as shown above we need to convolve them with spectral irradiance from a source_spct object.

The method for waveband objects returns one colour definition per waveband, corresponding to their central wavelength.

color_of(waveband(c(400, 500), wb.name = "my_BL"))
## my_BL.CMF 
## "#000EFF"

By default CIE coordinates for typical human vision are used, but the functions have a parameter that can be used for supplying a different chromaticity definition as a chroma_spct object.

color_of(sun.spct, chroma.type = "CC")
## source.CC 
## "#B63C37"
color_of(sun.spct, chroma.type = "CMF")
## source.CMF 
##  "#544F4B"
color_of(sun.spct, chroma.type = beesxyzCMF.spct)
## source.chroma 
##     "#CD1F11"

In the case of bees, the RGB values represent a shift towards longer wavelengths compared to the true sensitivity. In other words, they are translated into colours that humans can see and monitors and printers can generate.