photosynthesis

CRAN status Lifecycle: experimental

Model C3 Photosynthesis

Description

photosynthesis is an R package with modeling tools for C3 photosynthesis, as well as analytical tools for curve-fitting plant ecophysiology responses. It uses the R package units to ensure that parameters are properly specified and transformed before calculations.

Get photosynthesis

From CRAN

install.packages("photosynthesis")

or from GitHub

install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("cdmuir/photosynthesis")

And load photosynthesis

library("photosynthesis")

Vignettes

The photosynthesis package simulates photosynthetic rate given a set of leaf traits and environmental conditions by solving the Farquhar-von Caemmerer-Berry C3 biochemical model. There are two main steps to using photosynthesis:

  1. define leaf parameters, environmental parameters, temperature response parameters, and physical constants; and
  2. solve for the chloroplastic CO2 concentration that balances CO2 supply and demand (photo and photosynthesis for single and multiple parameter sets, respectively).

In this vignette, I’ll show you how to:

Minimum worked example

You can use the default parameter settings and simulate photosynthetic rate in a single leaf using the make_*() functions and photo().

library(dplyr)
library(magrittr)
library(photosynthesis)

# Leaving the make_* functions empty will automatically default to defaults
# parameters.
bake_par   <- make_bakepar()                       # temperature response parameters
constants  <- make_constants(use_tealeaves = FALSE) # physical constants
leaf_par   <- make_leafpar(use_tealeaves = FALSE)   # leaf parameters
enviro_par <- make_enviropar(use_tealeaves = FALSE) # environmental parameters

photo(leaf_par, enviro_par, bake_par, constants, quiet = TRUE,
      use_tealeaves = FALSE)
#>           C_chl        value convergence                     g_tc
#> 1 24.52925 [Pa] -1.09648e-06           0 1.668765 [umol/m^2/Pa/s]
#>                       A            g_mc25              g_sc                g_uc
#> 1 27.48581 [umol/m^2/s] 4 [umol/m^2/Pa/s] 4 [umol/m^2/Pa/s] 0.1 [umol/m^2/Pa/s]
#>   gamma_star25          J_max25       K_C25        K_O25  k_mc  k_sc  k_uc
#> 1   3.743 [Pa] 200 [umol/m^2/s] 27.238 [Pa] 16.582 [kPa] 1 [1] 1 [1] 1 [1]
#>   leafsize     phi_J          R_d25     T_leaf   theta_J         V_cmax25
#> 1  0.1 [m] 0.331 [1] 2 [umol/m^2/s] 298.15 [K] 0.825 [1] 150 [umol/m^2/s]
#>            V_tpu25 g_mc gamma_star J_max    K_C    K_O R_d V_cmax V_tpu   C_air
#> 1 200 [umol/m^2/s]    4      3.743   200 27.238 16.582   2    150   200 41 [Pa]
#>                O              P              PPFD      RH    wind
#> 1 21.27565 [kPa] 101.3246 [kPa] 1500 [umol/m^2/s] 0.5 [1] 2 [m/s]

Replace default parameters

You can look at default parameters settings in the manual (run ?make_parameters). These defaults are reasonable, but of course you will probably want to use different choices and allow some parameters to vary. Here, I’ll demonstrate how to replace a default. In the next section, I’ll show you how to set up a gradient of parameter values over which to solve for leaf temperature.

# Use the `replace` argument to replace defaults. This must be a named list, and
# each named element must have the proper units specified. See `?make_parameters`
# for all parameter names and proper units.

# Temperature response parameters can be updated (but we won't do that here)
bake_par <- make_bakepar()

# Physical constants probably do not need to be replaced in most cases,
# that's why we call them 'constants'!
constants  <- make_constants(use_tealeaves = FALSE)

# First, we'll change photosynthetic photon flux density to 1000 umol / (m^2 s)
enviro_par <- make_enviropar(
  replace = list(
    PPFD = set_units(1000, "umol/m^2/s")
    ), use_tealeaves = FALSE
  )

# Next, we'll change stomatal conductance to 3 umol / (m^2 s Pa)
leaf_par <- make_leafpar(
  replace = list(
    g_sc = set_units(3, "umol/m^2/s/Pa")
    ), use_tealeaves = FALSE
  )

photo <- photo(leaf_par, enviro_par, bake_par, constants, quiet = TRUE,
               use_tealeaves = FALSE)

photo %>%
  select(PPFD, C_chl, A) %>%
  knitr::kable()
PPFD C_chl A
1000 [umol/m^2/s] 24.0449 [Pa] 25.21885 [umol/m^2/s]

Environmental gradients

In the previous two examples, I used the photo function to solve for a single parameter set. In most cases, you’ll want to solve for many parameter sets. The function photosynthesis generalizes photo and makes it easy to solve for multiple parameter sets using the same argument structure. All you need to do is specify multiple values for one or more leaf or environmental parameters and photosynthesis uses the purrr::cross function to fit all combinations1.

# As before, use the `replace` argument to replace defaults, but this time we
# enter multiple values

bake_par <- make_bakepar()
constants <- make_constants(use_tealeaves = FALSE)

# First, we'll change the PPFD to 1000 and 1500 umol / (m^2 s)
enviro_par <- make_enviropar(
  replace = list(
    PPFD = set_units(c(1000, 1500), "umol/m^2/s")
    ), use_tealeaves = FALSE
  )

# Next, we'll change stomatal conductance to to 2 and 4 umol / (m^2 s Pa)
leaf_par  <- make_leafpar(
  replace = list(
    g_sc = set_units(c(2, 4), "umol/m^2/s/Pa")
    ), use_tealeaves = FALSE
  )

# Now there should be 4 combinations (high and low g_sc crossed with high and low PPFD)
ph <- photosynthesis(leaf_par, enviro_par, bake_par, constants, 
                     use_tealeaves = FALSE, progress = FALSE, quiet = TRUE)

ph %>% 
  select(g_sc, PPFD, A) %>%
  knitr::kable()
g_sc PPFD A
2 [umol/m^2/Pa/s] 1000 [umol/m^2/s] 23.90532 [umol/m^2/s]
4 [umol/m^2/Pa/s] 1000 [umol/m^2/s] 25.87941 [umol/m^2/s]
2 [umol/m^2/Pa/s] 1500 [umol/m^2/s] 25.17778 [umol/m^2/s]
4 [umol/m^2/Pa/s] 1500 [umol/m^2/s] 27.48581 [umol/m^2/s]

Parallel processing

It can take a little while to simulate many different parameter sets. If you have multiple processors available, you can speed things up by running simulations in parallel. In the photosynthesis function, simply use the parallel = TRUE argument to simulate in parallel. You’ll need to set up a future plan(). See ?future::plan for more detail. Here I’ll provide an example simulating an A-C_c curve.

library(future)
plan("multisession") # Set up plan

# We'll use the `replace` argument to enter multiple atmospheric CO2 concentrations

bake_par <- make_bakepar()
constants  <- make_constants(use_tealeaves = FALSE)

enviro_par <- make_enviropar(
  replace = list(
    C_air = set_units(seq(1, 200, length.out = 20), "Pa")
    ), use_tealeaves = FALSE
  )

leaf_par  <- make_leafpar(use_tealeaves = FALSE)

ph <- photosynthesis(leaf_par, enviro_par, bake_par, constants, 
                     use_tealeaves = FALSE, progress = FALSE, 
                     quiet = TRUE, parallel = TRUE)

# Plot C_c versus A
library(ggplot2)

## Drop units for plotting
ph %<>% mutate_if(~ is(.x, "units"), drop_units)
ggplot(ph, aes(C_chl, A)) +
  geom_line(size = 2) +
  xlab(expression(paste(C[chl], " [Pa]"))) +
  ylab(expression(paste("A [", mu, "mol ", m^-2~s^-1, "]"))) +
  theme_bw() +
  NULL

Incorporating leaf temperature using tealeaves

In experiments, leaf temperature can be kept close to air temperature, but in nature, leaf temperature can be quite a bit different than air temperature in the shade depending on environmental and leaf parameters. If use_tealeaves = TRUE, photo() and photosynthesis() will call on the tealeaves package to calculate leaf temperature using an energy balance model.

# You will need to set use_tealeaves = TRUE when making parameters because additional parameters are needed for tealeaves.

bake_par <- make_bakepar()
constants  <- make_constants(use_tealeaves = TRUE)

enviro_par <- make_enviropar(
  replace = list(
    T_air = set_units(seq(288.15, 313.15, 1), K)
    ), use_tealeaves = TRUE
  )

leaf_par <- make_leafpar(replace = list(
    g_sc = set_units(c(2, 4), umol/m^2/s/Pa)
    ), use_tealeaves = TRUE
  )

ph <- photosynthesis(leaf_par, enviro_par, bake_par, constants, 
                     use_tealeaves = TRUE, progress = FALSE, 
                   quiet = TRUE, parallel = TRUE)

# Plot temperature and photosynthesis
library(ggplot2)

## Drop units for plotting
ph %<>% 
  mutate_if(~ is(.x, "units"), drop_units) %>%
  mutate(`g[s]` = ifelse(g_sc == 2, "low", "high"))

ggplot(ph, aes(T_air, T_leaf, color = `g[s]`)) +
  geom_line(size = 2, lineend = "round") +
  geom_abline(slope = 1, intercept = 0, linetype = "dotted") +
  scale_color_discrete(name = expression(g[s])) +
  xlab(expression(paste(T[air], " [K]"))) +
  ylab(expression(paste(T[leaf], " [K]"))) +
  theme_bw() +
  NULL

ggplot(ph, aes(T_air, A, color = `g[s]`)) +
  geom_line(size = 2, lineend = "round") +
  scale_color_discrete(name = expression(g[s])) +
  xlab(expression(paste(T[leaf], " [K]"))) +
  ylab(expression(paste("A [", mu, "mol ", m^-2~s^-1, "]"))) +
  theme_bw() +
  NULL

This vignette is designed to demonstrate how to use the curve fitting and sensitivity analysis tools Sections are named based on the set of methods to be used:

  1. Fitting light response curves

  2. Fitting CO2 response curves

  3. Fitting temperature response curves (Need data & to complete tutorial here)

  4. Fitting stomatal conductance models

  5. Fitting light respiration

  6. Fitting mesophyll conductance

  7. Fitting pressure-volume curves

  8. Fitting hydraulic vulnerability curves

  9. Sensitivity analyses (just need to think about measures of sensitivity & multi fits)

  10. Dependency checking

Components under construction:

  1. Full Gu-type CO2 response fitting

  2. alphag fitting

  3. Busch et al (2018) CO2 response model

Within each section, data will either be generated or used from an installed dataset within the package. For help with a given function, please consult the help file via: ?functionname in the console. If you want to know the fine details of the code, please go to:

https://github.com/jstinzi/photosynthesis

And look in the R folder to find the raw function files. These contain heavily annotated code that explains the why and how of their operation.

#Installing the package

You will need the following packages:

devtools - lets you install packages from Github and Bitbucket

minpack.lm - useful for nonlinear curve fitting that is more robust than base R

tidyverse - set of tools for manipulating data within R

FOR WINDOWS USERS

You will need to install Rtools, available at:

https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/Rtools/

#To install, run the following without comments
#library(devtools)
#install_github("jstinzi/photosynthesis")

#Load package
library(photosynthesis)

#To cite, use:
citation("photosynthesis")
#> 
#> To cite photosynthesis in publications use:
#> 
#>   Stinziano JR, Roback C, Gamble D, Murphy B, Hudson P, Muir CD.
#>   (2020). photosynthesis: tools for plant ecophysiology & modeling. R
#>   package version 2.0.1.
#>   https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=photosynthesis.
#> 
#> A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
#> 
#>   @Misc{,
#>     title = {photosynthesis: tools for plant ecophysiology & modeling},
#>     author = {Joseph R Stinziano and Cassaundra Roback and Demi Gamble and Bridget Murphy and Patrick Hudson and Christopher D Muir},
#>     note = {R package version 2.0.1},
#>     year = {2020},
#>     url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=photosynthesis},
#>   }

#Load tidyr - needed for vignette manipulations
library(tidyr)

#Reading Li-Cor data

If you are trying to read in the raw data files of the Li-Cor 6400 or 6800 models, you can use the package RLicor by Erik Erhardt available on Github.

#library(devtools)
#install_github("erikerhardt/RLicor")
#library(RLicor)

#The following will detect and read Li-Cor 6400 and 6800 files
#?read_Licor

#To cite, use:
#citation("RLicor")

#1. Fitting light response curves

This package currently only implements the Marshall et al. 1980 non-rectangular hyperbola model of the photosynthetic light response.

#Read in your data
#Note that this data is coming from data supplied by the package
#hence the complicated argument in read.csv()
#This dataset is a CO2 by light response curve for a single sunflower
#Note that to read in your own data, you will need to delete the
#system.file() function, otherwise you will get an error
data <- read.csv(system.file("extdata", "A_Ci_Q_data_1.csv",
                             package = "photosynthesis"))

#Fit many AQ curves
#Set your grouping variable
#Here we are grouping by CO2_s and individual
data$C_s <-(round(data$CO2_s, digits = 0))

#For this example we need to round sequentially due to CO2_s setpoints
data$C_s <- as.factor(round(data$C_s, digits = -1))

#To fit one AQ curve
fit <- fit_aq_response(data[data$C_s == 600,],
                       varnames = list(A_net = "A",
                                         PPFD = "Qin",
                                       Q_cut = 250))

#Print model summary
summary(fit[[1]])
#> 
#> Formula: A_net ~ aq_response(k_sat, phi_J, Q_abs = data$Q_abs, theta_J) - 
#>     Rd
#> 
#> Parameters:
#>                 Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
#> k_sat          21.167200   0.158332  133.69 1.88e-08 ***
#> phi_J.Q_abs     0.051907   0.001055   49.18 1.02e-06 ***
#> theta_J         0.775484   0.014920   51.98 8.20e-07 ***
#> Rd.(Intercept)  0.668495   0.065235   10.25 0.000511 ***
#> ---
#> Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
#> 
#> Residual standard error: 0.05535 on 4 degrees of freedom
#> 
#> Number of iterations to convergence: 5 
#> Achieved convergence tolerance: 1.49e-08

#Print fitted parameters
fit[[2]]
#>         A_sat      phi_J   theta_J        Rd      LCP  resid_SSs
#> k_sat 21.1672 0.05190746 0.7754836 0.6684953 12.97289 0.01225491

#Print graph
fit[[3]]

#Fit many curves
fits <- fit_many(data = data,
                 varnames = list(A_net = "A",
                                         PPFD = "Qin",
                                         group = "C_s"),
                 funct = fit_aq_response,
                 group = "C_s")
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#Look at model summary for a given fit
#First set of double parentheses selects an individual group value
#Second set selects an element of the sublist
summary(fits[[3]][[1]])
#> 
#> Formula: A_net ~ aq_response(k_sat, phi_J, Q_abs = data$Q_abs, theta_J) - 
#>     Rd
#> 
#> Parameters:
#>                Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
#> k_sat          7.347423   0.141931  51.768 8.33e-07 ***
#> phi_J.Q_abs    0.027192   0.001511  17.994 5.61e-05 ***
#> theta_J        0.837778   0.030608  27.371 1.06e-05 ***
#> Rd.(Intercept) 0.615283   0.086994   7.073  0.00211 ** 
#> ---
#> Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
#> 
#> Residual standard error: 0.06799 on 4 degrees of freedom
#> 
#> Number of iterations to convergence: 4 
#> Achieved convergence tolerance: 1.49e-08

#Print the parameters
fits[[2]][[2]]
#>          A_sat      phi_J   theta_J        Rd      LCP  resid_SSs
#> k_sat 2.637157 0.01458002 0.8858892 0.5951635 42.17813 0.02446394

#Print the graph
fits[[3]][[3]]

#Compile graphs into a list for plotting
fits_graphs <- compile_data(fits,
                            list_element = 3)

#Print graphs to jpeg
# print_graphs(data = fits_graphs,
#             path = tempdir(),
#             output_type = "jpeg")

#Compile parameters into dataframe for analysis
fits_pars <- compile_data(fits,
                          output_type = "dataframe",
                          list_element = 2)

#2. Fitting CO2 response curves

This package currently implements a Gu-type fitting procedure for CO2 response curves similar to the Duursma (2015) implementation. There is ongoing work to implement a full Gu-type method whereby mesophyll conductance, Km, and GammaStar could all be fit (Gu et al 2010). There is also ongoing work to implement a procedure to fit alphag for the TPU-limited region and to incorporate the Sharkey (2019) suggestion of using chlorophyll fluorescence data to inform TPU limitations.

#Read in your data
#Note that this data is coming from data supplied by the package
#hence the complicated argument in read.csv()
#This dataset is a CO2 by light response curve for a single sunflower
data <- read.csv(system.file("extdata", "A_Ci_Q_data_1.csv", 
                             package = "photosynthesis"))

#Define a grouping factor based on light intensity to split the ACi
#curves
data$Q_2 <- as.factor((round(data$Qin, digits = 0)))

#Convert data temperature to K
data$T_leaf <- data$Tleaf + 273.15

#Fit ACi curve. Note that we are subsetting the dataframe
#here to fit for a single value of Q_2
fit <- fit_aci_response(data[data$Q_2 == 1500, ],
                        varnames = list(A_net = "A",
                                      T_leaf = "T_leaf",
                                      C_i = "Ci",
                                      PPFD = "Qin"))

#View fitted parameters
fit[[1]]
#>   Num V_cmax V_cmax_se    J_max        J      J_se V_TPU V_TPU_se        R_d
#> 6   0 62.797  2.176227 110.3051 103.9718 0.1847135  1000       NA -0.3470509
#>      R_d_se     cost citransition1 citransition2 V_cmax_pts J_max_pts V_TPU_pts
#> 6 0.3947545 1.063979      427.6839      1450.485          8         4         0
#>   alpha alpha_g gamma_star25 Ea_gamma_star K_M25   Ea_K_M  g_mc25 Ea_g_mc Oconc
#> 6  0.24       0        42.75         37830 718.4 65508.28 0.08701       0    21
#>   theta_J
#> 6    0.85

#View graph
fit[[2]]

#View data with modeled parameters attached
#fit[[3]]

#Fit many curves
fits <- fit_many(data = data,
                 varnames = list(A_net = "A",
                                      T_leaf = "T_leaf",
                                      C_i = "Ci",
                                      PPFD = "Qin"),
                 funct = fit_aci_response,
                 group = "Q_2")
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#Print the parameters
#First set of double parentheses selects an individual group value
#Second set selects an element of the sublist
fits[[3]][[1]]
#>   Num  V_cmax V_cmax_se    J_max        J       J_se V_TPU V_TPU_se        R_d
#> 6   0 8.94862 0.5509706 47.01527 16.63315 0.08692268  1000       NA -0.1565895
#>      R_d_se      cost citransition1 citransition2 V_cmax_pts J_max_pts
#> 6 0.1264438 0.1194886      441.2967      1442.493          8         4
#>   V_TPU_pts alpha alpha_g gamma_star25 Ea_gamma_star K_M25   Ea_K_M  g_mc25
#> 6         0  0.24       0        42.75         37830 718.4 65508.28 0.08701
#>   Ea_g_mc Oconc theta_J
#> 6       0    21    0.85

#Print the graph
fits[[3]][[2]]

#Compile graphs into a list for plotting
fits_graphs <- compile_data(fits,
                            list_element = 2)

#Print graphs to jpeg
# print_graphs(data = fits_graphs,
#             path = tempdir(),
#             output_type = "jpeg")

#Compile parameters into dataframe for analysis
fits_pars <- compile_data(fits,
                          output_type = "dataframe",
                          list_element = 1)

#3. Fitting temperature response curves

This package provides support for multiple temperature response functions (Arrhenius 1915; Medlyn et al. 2002; Kruse & Adams. 2006; Heskel et al. 2016; Liang et al. 2018).

#Read in data
data <- read.csv(system.file("extdata", "A_Ci_T_data.csv", 
                             package = "photosynthesis"),
                 stringsAsFactors = FALSE)

#Round temperatures to group them appropriately
#Use sequential rounding
data$T2 <- round(data$Tleaf, 1)
data$T2 <- round(data$Tleaf, 0)

#Look at unique values to detect rounding issues
unique(data$T2)
#>  [1] 17 18 20 22 23 25 28 27 30 33 32 35 37 38 40

#Some still did not round correctly,
#manually correct
for(i in 1:nrow(data)){
  if(data$T2[i] == 18){
    data$T2[i] <- 17
  }
  if(data$T2[i] == 23){
    data$T2[i] <- 22
  }
  if(data$T2[i] == 28){
    data$T2[i] <- 27
  }
  if(data$T2[i] == 33){
    data$T2[i] <- 32
  }
  if(data$T2[i] == 38){
    data$T2[i] <- 37
  }
}

#Make sure it is a character string for grouping
data$T2 <- as.character(data$T2)

#Create grouping variable by ID and measurement temperature
data <- unite(data, col = "ID2", c("ID", "T2"),
                 sep = "_")

#Split by temperature group
data <- split(data, data$ID2)

#Obtain mean temperature for group so temperature
#response fitting is acceptable later, round to
#2 decimal places
for(i in 1:length(data)){
  data[[i]]$Curve_Tleaf <- round(mean(data[[i]]$Tleaf), 2)
}

#Convert from list back to dataframe
data <- do.call("rbind", data)

#Parse grouping variable by ID and measurement temperature
data <- separate(data, col = "ID2", into = c("ID", "T2"),
                 sep = "_")

#Make sure number of values matches number of measurement
#temperatures. May vary slightly if plants had slightly
#different leaf temperatures during the measurements
unique(data$Curve_Tleaf)
#>  [1] 17.51 20.01 22.50 25.01 27.51 30.01 32.50 34.99 37.50 39.99 20.00 22.51
#> [13] 25.02 40.01

#Create ID column to curve fit by ID and temperature
data <- unite(data, col = "ID2", c("ID", "Curve_Tleaf"),
                 sep = "_")

#Convert data temperature to K
data$T_leaf <- data$Tleaf + 273.15

#Fit many CO2 response curves
fits2 <- fit_many(data = data,
                 group = "ID2",
                 varnames = list(A_net = "A",
                                 C_i = "Ci",
                                 T_leaf = "T_leaf",
                                 PPFD = "Qin",
                                 g_mc = "g_mc"),
                 funct = fit_aci_response,
                 alphag = 0)
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#Extract ACi parameters
pars <- compile_data(fits2, output_type = "dataframe",
                     list_element = 1)

#Extract ACi graphs
graphs <- compile_data(fits2, output_type = "list",
                     list_element = 2)

#Parse the ID variable
pars <- separate(pars, col = "ID", into = c("ID", "Curve_Tleaf"), sep = "_")

#Make sure curve leaf temperature is numeric
pars$Curve_Tleaf <- as.numeric(pars$Curve_Tleaf)
pars$T_leaf <- pars$Curve_Tleaf + 273.15
out <- fit_t_response(data = pars[pars$ID == "S2",],
                      varnames = list(Par = "V_cmax",
                                      T_leaf = "T_leaf"),
                      setvar = "Hd")

out[["Arrhenius"]][["Graph"]]

out[["Heskel"]][["Graph"]]

out[["Kruse"]][["Graph"]]

out[["Medlyn"]][["Graph"]]

out[["MMRT"]][["Graph"]]

out[["Quadratic"]][["Graph"]]

out[["Topt"]][["Graph"]]

#4. Fitting stomatal conductance models

The package currently supports three varieties of stomatal conductance models (Ball et al. 1987; Leuning 1995; Medlyn et al. 2011).

#Read in your data
#Note that this data is coming from data supplied by the package
#hence the complicated argument in read.csv()
#This dataset is a CO2 by light response curve for a single sunflower
data <- read.csv(system.file("extdata", "A_Ci_Q_data_1.csv", 
                             package = "photosynthesis"))

#Convert RH to a proportion
data$RH <- data$RHcham / 100

#Fit stomatal conductance models
#Can specify a single model, or all as below
fits <- fit_gs_model(data = data,
                     varnames = list(A_net = "A",
                                     C_air = "Ca",
                                     g_sw = "gsw",
                                     RH = "RH",
                                     VPD = "VPDleaf"),
                     model = c("BallBerry",
                               "Leuning",
                               "Medlyn_partial",
                               "Medlyn_full"),
                         D0 = 3)

#Look at BallBerry model summary:
summary(fits[["BallBerry"]][["Model"]])
#> 
#> Call:
#> lm(formula = g_sw ~ gs_mod_ballberry(A_net = A_net, C_air = C_air, 
#>     RH = RH), data = data)
#> 
#> Residuals:
#>     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
#> -0.1516 -0.1007 -0.0557  0.1372  0.2498 
#> 
#> Coefficients:
#>                                                          Estimate Std. Error
#> (Intercept)                                             1.481e-01  1.471e-02
#> gs_mod_ballberry(A_net = A_net, C_air = C_air, RH = RH) 1.627e-05  2.832e-06
#>                                                         t value Pr(>|t|)    
#> (Intercept)                                              10.062  < 2e-16 ***
#> gs_mod_ballberry(A_net = A_net, C_air = C_air, RH = RH)   5.744 1.13e-07 ***
#> ---
#> Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
#> 
#> Residual standard error: 0.1248 on 94 degrees of freedom
#> Multiple R-squared:  0.2598, Adjusted R-squared:  0.2519 
#> F-statistic: 32.99 on 1 and 94 DF,  p-value: 1.132e-07

#Look at BallBerry parameters
fits[["BallBerry"]][["Parameters"]]
#>          g0          g1
#> 1 0.1480627 1.62664e-05

#Look at BallBerry plot
fits[["BallBerry"]][["Graph"]]


#Fit many g_sw models
#Set your grouping variable
#Here we are grouping by Qin and individual
data$Q_2 <- as.factor((round(data$Qin, digits = 0)))

fits <- fit_many(data,
                 varnames = list(A_net = "A",
                                 C_air = "Ca",
                                 g_sw = "gsw",
                                 RH = "RH",
                                 VPD = "VPDleaf"),
                 funct = fit_gs_model,
                 group = "Q_2")
#>   |                                                                              |                                                                      |   0%Error in nlsModel(formula, mf, start, wts) : 
#>   singular gradient matrix at initial parameter estimates
#>   |                                                                              |=========                                                             |  12%  |                                                                              |==================                                                    |  25%  |                                                                              |==========================                                            |  38%  |                                                                              |===================================                                   |  50%  |                                                                              |============================================                          |  62%  |                                                                              |====================================================                  |  75%  |                                                                              |=============================================================         |  88%  |                                                                              |======================================================================| 100%

#Look at the Medlyn_partial outputs at 750 PAR
#Model summary
summary(fits[["750"]][["Medlyn_partial"]][["Model"]])
#> 
#> Formula: g_sw ~ gs_mod_opti(A_net = A_net, C_air = C_air, VPD = VPD, g0, 
#>     g1)
#> 
#> Parameters:
#>    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
#> g0  0.38778    0.03317  11.692 3.73e-07 ***
#> g1 -1.09754    0.83022  -1.322    0.216    
#> ---
#> Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
#> 
#> Residual standard error: 0.04375 on 10 degrees of freedom
#> 
#> Number of iterations to convergence: 2 
#> Achieved convergence tolerance: 1.49e-08

#Model parameters
fits[["750"]][["Medlyn_partial"]][["Parameters"]]
#>          g0        g1
#> 1 0.3877773 -1.097544

#Graph
fits[["750"]][["Medlyn_partial"]][["Graph"]]

#Compile parameter outputs for BallBerry model
#Note that it's the first element for each PAR value
#First compile list of BallBerry fits
bbmods <- compile_data(data = fits,
                     output_type = "list",
                     list_element = 1)
#Now compile the parameters (2nd element) into a dataframe
bbpars <- compile_data(data = bbmods,
                     output_type = "dataframe",
                     list_element = 2)

#Convert group variable back to numeric
bbpars$ID <- as.numeric(bbpars$ID)

#Take quick look at light response of intercept parameters
plot(g0 ~ ID, bbpars)

#Compile graphs
graphs <- compile_data(data = bbmods,
                       output_type = "list",
                       list_element = 3)

#Look at 3rd graph
graphs[[3]]

#5. Fitting light respiration

The package currently supports fitting light respiration according to the slope-intercept regression extension of the Laisk method (Laisk 1977; Walker & Ort 2015), the Kok method (Kok 1956), and the Yin modification of the Kok method (Yin et al. 2009, 2011)

#Read in your data
#Note that this data is coming from data supplied by the package
#hence the complicated argument in read.csv()
#This dataset is a CO2 by light response curve for a single sunflower
data <- read.csv(system.file("extdata", "A_Ci_Q_data_1.csv", 
                             package = "photosynthesis"))

#Fit light respiration with Yin method
r_light <- fit_r_light_yin(data = data,
                           varnames = list(A_net = "A",
                                           PPFD = "Qin",
                                           phi_PSII = "PhiPS2"),
                           PPFD_lower = 20,
                           PPFD_upper = 250)

#Fit light respiration with Kok method
r_light <- fit_r_light_kok(data = data,
                           varnames = list(A_net = "A",
                                           PPFD = "Qin"),
                           PPFD_lower = 20,
                           PPFD_upper = 150)

#Set your grouping variable
#Here we are grouping by CO2_s and individual
data$C_s <-(round(data$CO2_s, digits = 0))

#For this example we need to round sequentially due to CO2_s setpoints
data$C_s <- as.factor(round(data$C_s, digits = -1))

#Fit light respiration across groups with Yin method
r_lights <- fit_many(data = data,
                     funct = fit_r_light_yin,
                     group = "C_s",
                     varnames = list(A_net = "A",
                                           PPFD = "Qin",
                                           phi_PSII = "PhiPS2"),
                           PPFD_lower = 20,
                           PPFD_upper = 250)
#>   |                                                                              |                                                                      |   0%  |                                                                              |========                                                              |  11%  |                                                                              |================                                                      |  22%  |                                                                              |=======================                                               |  33%  |                                                                              |===============================                                       |  44%  |                                                                              |=======================================                               |  56%  |                                                                              |===============================================                       |  67%  |                                                                              |======================================================                |  78%  |                                                                              |==============================================================        |  89%  |                                                                              |======================================================================| 100%

#Compile the outputs - note this is slightly more complex because the
#output of the fit_many above is a list of atomic vectors, not dataframes.
group <- names(r_lights)
r_lights <- do.call("c", r_lights)
r_light_yin <- data.frame(x = group, y = r_lights, stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
r_light_yin$x <- as.numeric(r_light_yin$x)
colnames(r_light_yin) <- c("C_s", "r_light")

#Fit the Walker-Ort method for GammaStar and light respiration
walker_ort <- fit_r_light_WalkerOrt(data,
                      varnames = list(A_net = "A",
                                      C_i = "Ci",
                                      PPFD = "Qin"))

#View model output
summary(walker_ort[[1]])
#> 
#> Call:
#> lm(formula = Intercept ~ Slope, data = coefs)
#> 
#> Residuals:
#>      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
#> -0.36114 -0.10958 -0.05553  0.08166  0.62016 
#> 
#> Coefficients:
#>             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
#> (Intercept)  -0.1526     0.1176  -1.297    0.224    
#> Slope        -4.6004     0.4069 -11.307  5.1e-07 ***
#> ---
#> Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
#> 
#> Residual standard error: 0.2513 on 10 degrees of freedom
#> Multiple R-squared:  0.9275, Adjusted R-squared:  0.9202 
#> F-statistic: 127.8 on 1 and 10 DF,  p-value: 5.103e-07

#View graph
walker_ort[[2]]

#View coeffients
walker_ort[[3]]
#>       GammaStar   r_light
#> Slope  46.00427 -0.152643

#6. Fitting mesophyll conductance

Currently there is only support for fitting mesophyll conductance according to the variable J method from Harley et al. 1992

#Read in your data
#Note that this data is coming from data supplied by the package
#hence the complicated argument in read.csv()
#This dataset is a CO2 by light response curve for a single sunflower
data <- read.csv(system.file("extdata", "A_Ci_Q_data_1.csv", 
                             package = "photosynthesis"))

#Note: there will be issues here if the alpha value used
#for calculating ETR is off, if GammaStar is incorrect,
#if Rd is incorrect.
data <- fit_g_mc_variableJ(data,
                         varnames = list(A_net = "A",
                                         J_etr = "ETR",
                                         C_i = "Ci",
                                         PPFD = "Qin",
                                         phi_PSII = "PhiPS2"),
                                         gamma_star = 46,
                                         R_d = 0.153,
                         usealpha_Q = TRUE,
                         alpha_Q = 0.84,
                         beta_Q = 0.5,
                         P = 84)

#Note that many g_mc values from this method can be unreliable
ggplot(data, aes(x = CO2_s, y = g_mc, colour = reliable)) +
  labs(x = expression(CO[2]~"("*mu*mol~mol^{-1}*")"),
       y = expression(g[m]~"(mol"~m^{-2}~s^{-1}~Pa^{-1}*")")) +
  geom_point(size = 2) +
  theme_bw() +
  theme(legend.position = 'bottom')

#Plot QAQC graph according to Harley et al. 1992
ggplot(data, aes(x = CO2_s, y = dCcdA, colour = reliable)) +
  labs(x = expression(CO[2]~"("*mu*mol~mol^{-1}*")"),
       y = expression(delta*C[c]*"/"*delta*A)) +
  geom_hline(yintercept = 10) +
  geom_point(size = 2) +
  theme_bw() +
  theme(legend.position = 'bottom')

ggplot(data, aes(x = dCcdA, y = g_mc, colour = reliable)) +
  labs(x = expression(delta*C[c]*"/"*delta*A),
       y = expression(g[m]~"(mol"~m^{-2}~s^{-1}~Pa^{-1}*")")) +
  geom_point(size = 2) +
  theme_bw() +
  theme(legend.position = 'bottom')

#7. Fitting pressure-volume curves

This package follows the Prometheus wiki spreadsheet from Sack and Pasquet-Kok at:

http://prometheuswiki.org/tiki-index.php?page=Leaf+pressure-volume+curve+parameters.

For references, see Koide et al. 2000, Sack et al. 2003, and Tyree & Hammel 1972.

#Read in data
data <- read.csv(system.file("extdata", "PV_curve.csv", 
                             package = "photosynthesis"))

#Fit one PV curve
fit <- fit_PV_curve(data[data$ID == "L2", ],
                    varnames = list(psi = "psi", 
                                    mass = "mass", 
                                    leaf_mass = "leaf_mass", 
                                    bag_mass = "bag_mass", 
                                    leaf_area = "leaf_area"))

#See fitted parameters
fit[[1]]
#>        SWC      PI_o psi_TLP  RWC_TLP      eps       C_FT      C_TLP  C_FTStar
#> 1 2.438935 -1.399302   -1.75 88.67684 12.20175 0.06456207 0.09923338 0.5161476

#Plot water mass graph
fit[[2]]

#Plot PV Curve
fit[[3]]

#Fit all PV curves in a file
fits <- fit_many(data,
                 group = "ID",
                 funct = fit_PV_curve,
                 varnames = list(psi = "psi", 
                                    mass = "mass", 
                                    leaf_mass = "leaf_mass", 
                                    bag_mass = "bag_mass", 
                                    leaf_area = "leaf_area"))
#>   |                                                                              |                                                                      |   0%  |                                                                              |=======================                                               |  33%  |                                                                              |===============================================                       |  67%  |                                                                              |======================================================================| 100%

#See parameters
fits[[1]][[1]]
#>        SWC      PI_o psi_TLP  RWC_TLP      eps       C_FT      C_TLP  C_FTStar
#> 1 2.438935 -1.399302   -1.75 88.67684 12.20175 0.06456207 0.09923338 0.5161476

#See water mass - water potential graph
fits[[1]][[2]]

#See PV curve
fits[[1]][[3]]

#Compile parameter outputs
pars <- compile_data(data = fits,
                     output_type = "dataframe",
                     list_element = 1)

#Compile the water mass - water potential graphs
graphs1 <- compile_data(data = fits,
                     output_type = "list",
                     list_element = 2)

#Compile the PV graphs
graphs2 <- compile_data(data = fits,
                     output_type = "list",
                     list_element = 3)

#8. Fitting hydraulic vulnerability curves

Current approach fits a sigmoidal model and calculates hydraulic parameters from the curve fit. See Pammenter & Van der Willigen, 1998 and Ogle et al. 2009.

#Read in data
data <- read.csv(system.file("extdata", "hydraulic_vulnerability.csv", 
                             package = "photosynthesis"))

#Fit hydraulic vulnerability curve
fit <- fit_hydra_vuln_curve(data[data$Tree == 5 & data$Plot == "Irrigation",],
                            varnames = list(psi = "P",
                                            PLC = "PLC"),
                            start_weibull = list(a = 2, b = 1),
                            title = "Irrigation 5")

#Return Sigmoidal model summary
summary(fit[[1]]) 
#> 
#> Call:
#> lm(formula = H_log ~ psi, data = data[data$H_log < Inf, ])
#> 
#> Residuals:
#>       14       15       16       17       18 
#>  0.40236 -0.63441  0.01791  0.09292  0.12121 
#> 
#> Coefficients:
#>             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
#> (Intercept)   5.1700     0.5344   9.675  0.00234 **
#> psi          -1.0884     0.1212  -8.982  0.00291 **
#> ---
#> Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
#> 
#> Residual standard error: 0.4427 on 3 degrees of freedom
#> Multiple R-squared:  0.9642, Adjusted R-squared:  0.9522 
#> F-statistic: 80.68 on 1 and 3 DF,  p-value: 0.002912

#Return Weibull model summary
summary(fit[[4]]) #expecting a = 4.99, b = 3.22
#> 
#> Formula: K.Kmax ~ exp(-((psi/a)^b))
#> 
#> Parameters:
#>   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
#> a   5.3160     0.0902   58.93 4.96e-07 ***
#> b   2.7778     0.2393   11.61 0.000315 ***
#> ---
#> Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
#> 
#> Residual standard error: 0.02867 on 4 degrees of freedom
#> 
#> Number of iterations to convergence: 8 
#> Achieved convergence tolerance: 1.49e-08

#Return model parameters with 95% confidence intervals
fit[[2]] 
#>           Value Parameter     Curve
#> b...1  4.749922         b Sigmoidal
#> a...2 -1.088445         a Sigmoidal
#> b...3  2.777799         b   Weibull
#> a...4  5.315979         a   Weibull

#Return hydraulic parameters
fit[[3]] 
#>        P25      P50      P88      P95      S50       Pe     Pmax      DSI
#> 1 3.740581 4.749922 6.580451 7.455102 27.21113 2.912439 6.587406 3.674967
#> 2 3.394637 4.658873 6.967591 7.890836 20.66405 2.239211 7.078534 4.839322
#>       Curve
#> 1 Sigmoidal
#> 2   Weibull

#Return graph
#fit[[5]] 

data <- unite(data, col = "ID", c("Plot", "Tree"), sep = "_")
#fit many function check to make sure it works for weibull
#Fit many curves
fits <- fit_many(data = data,
                  varnames = list(psi = "P",
                                            PLC = "PLC"),
                 group = "ID",
                 start_weibull = list(a = 4, b = 2),
                  #group = "Tree",
                  funct = fit_hydra_vuln_curve)
#>   |                                                                              |                                                                      |   0%  |                                                                              |========                                                              |  11%  |                                                                              |================                                                      |  22%  |                                                                              |=======================                                               |  33%  |                                                                              |===============================                                       |  44%  |                                                                              |=======================================                               |  56%  |                                                                              |===============================================                       |  67%  |                                                                              |======================================================                |  78%  |                                                                              |==============================================================        |  89%  |                                                                              |======================================================================| 100%

#To select individuals from the many fits
#Return model summary
summary(fits[[1]][[1]]) #Returns model summary
#> 
#> Call:
#> lm(formula = H_log ~ psi, data = data[data$H_log < Inf, ])
#> 
#> Residuals:
#>       44       45       46       47       48 
#> -0.15427  0.06136  0.23623  0.20568 -0.34900 
#> 
#> Coefficients:
#>             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
#> (Intercept)  5.72729    0.34666   16.52 0.000483 ***
#> psi         -1.41591    0.07861  -18.01 0.000373 ***
#> ---
#> Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
#> 
#> Residual standard error: 0.2872 on 3 degrees of freedom
#> Multiple R-squared:  0.9908, Adjusted R-squared:  0.9878 
#> F-statistic: 324.4 on 1 and 3 DF,  p-value: 0.0003733

#Return sigmoidal model output
fits[[1]][[2]] 
#>           Value Parameter     Curve
#> b...1  4.044964         b Sigmoidal
#> a...2 -1.415905         a Sigmoidal
#> b...3  3.905565         b   Weibull
#> a...4  4.580836         a   Weibull

#Return hydraulic parameters
fits[[1]][[3]] 
#>        P25      P50      P88      P95      S50       Pe     Pmax      DSI
#> 1 3.269056 4.044964 5.452141 6.124509 35.39764 2.632440 5.457488 2.825047
#> 2 3.329677 4.170508 5.552841 6.066678 32.45566 2.629945 5.711071 3.081127
#>       Curve
#> 1 Sigmoidal
#> 2   Weibull

#Return graph
fits[[1]][[5]] 

#Compile parameter outputs
pars <- compile_data(data = fits,
                     output_type = "dataframe",
                     list_element = 3)

#Compile graphs
graphs <- compile_data(data = fits,
                     output_type = "list",
                     list_element = 5)

#9. Sensitivity analyses

This segment outlines a set of functions that can be used to assess the sensitivity of data outputs to assumed parameters. For example, assuming different values of GammaStar, mesophyll conductance, and light absorbance on fitted gas exchange parameters.

Uncomment the chunk below to run - it takes awhile. #```{r} #Read in your data #Note that this data is coming from data supplied by the package #hence the complicated argument in read.csv() #This dataset is a CO2 by light response curve for a single sunflower data <- read.csv(system.file(“extdata”, “A_Ci_Q_data_1.csv”, package = “photosynthesis”))

#Define a grouping factor based on light intensity to split the ACi #curves dataQ_2 <- as.factor((round(dataQin, digits = 0)))

#Convert data temperature to K dataT_leaf <- dataTleaf + 273.15

#Run a sensitivity analysis on GammaStar and mesophyll conductance #at 25 Celsius for one individual curve pars <- analyze_sensitivity(data = data[data$Q_2 == 1500, ], funct = fit_aci_response, varnames = list(A_net = “A”, T_leaf = “T_leaf”, C_i = “Ci”, PPFD = “Qin”), useg_mct = TRUE, test1 = “gamma_star25”, element_out = 1, test2 = “g_mc25”, fitTPU = TRUE, Ea_gamma_star = 0, Ea_g_mc = 0, values1 = seq(from = 20, to = 60, by = 4), values2 = seq(from = 0.2, to = 2, by = 0.1))

#Compute measures of sensitivity par2 <- compute_sensitivity(data = pars, varnames = list(Par = “V_cmax”, test1 = “gamma_star25”, test2 = “g_mc25”), test1_ref = 40, test2_ref = 1) #Plot sensitivity ggplot(par2, aes(y = CE_gamma_star25, x = CE_g_mc25, colour = V_cmax))+ labs(x = expression(g_mc[25]~“Control Coefficient”), y = expression(Gamma[25]~“Control Coefficient”)) + geom_point() + theme_bw()

ggplot(par2, aes(y = CE_gamma_star25, x = V_cmax, colour = gamma_star25))+ geom_point() + theme_bw() #Note that in this case a missing point appears due to an infinity #Can also plot sensitivity measures in 2 dimensions ggplot(par2, aes(x = gamma_star25, y = g_mc25, z = CE_gamma_star25))+ geom_tile(aes(fill = CE_gamma_star25)) + labs(x = expression(Gamma”[25]”(”mumolmol^{-1}”)“), y = expression(g[m][25]“(”mumolm{-2}~s{-1}~Pa^{-1}”)“))+ scale_fill_distiller(palette =”Greys”) + geom_contour(colour = “Black”, size = 1) + theme_bw()

plot(PE_gamma_star25 ~ gamma_star25, par2) #```

#10. Dependency checking

A function can be used to generate an html file that assesses the dependencies within and between packages

#check_dependencies()

#References

Arrhenius S. 1915. Quantitative laws in biological chemistry. Bell.

Ball JT, Woodrow IE, Berry JA. 1987. A model predicting stomatal conductance and its contribution to the control of photosynthesis under different environmental conditions, in Progress in Photosynthesis Research, Proceedings of the VII International Congress on Photosynthesis, vol. 4, edited by I. Biggins, pp.  221–224, Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

Duursma R. 2015. Plantecophys - an R package for analysing and modeling leaf gas exchange data. PLoS ONE 10:e0143346

Erhardt EB. 2019. RLicor: Read Licor files. R package version 0.0.01.

Gu L, Pallardy SG, Tu K, Law BE, Wullschleger SD. 2010. Reliable estimation of biochemical parameters from C3 leaf photosynthesis- intercellular carbon dioxide response curves. Plant Cell Environ 33:1582-1874.

Harley PC, Loreto F, Di Marco G, Sharkey TD. 1992. Theoretical considerations when estimating mesophyll conductance to CO2 flux by analysis of the response of photosynthesis to CO2. Plant Physiol 98:1429 - 1436.

Heskel MA, O’Sullivan OS, Reich PB, Tjoelker MG, Weerasinghe LK, Penillard A, Egerton JJG, Creek D, Bloomfield KJ, Xiang J, Sinca F, Stangl ZR, la Torre AM, Griffin KL, Huntingford C, Hurry V, Meir P, Turnbull MH, Atkin OK. 2016. Convergence in the temperature response of leaf respiration across biomes and plant functional types. PNAS 113:3832-3837

Hobbs JK, Jiao W, Easter AD, Parker EJ, Schipper LA, Arcus VL. 2013. Change in heat capacity for enzyme catalysis determines temperature dependence of enzyme catalyzed rates. ACS Chemical Biology 8:2388-2393.

Koide RT, Robichaux RH, Morse SR, Smith CM. 2000. Plant water status, hydraulic resistance and capacitance. In: Plant Physiological Ecology: Field Methods and Instrumentation (eds RW Pearcy, JR Ehleringer, HA Mooney, PW Rundel), pp. 161-183. Kluwer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands

Kok B. 1956. On the inhibition of photosynthesis by intense light. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 21: 234–244

Kruse J, Adams MA. 2008. Three parameters comprehensively describe the temperature response of respiratory oxygen reduction. Plant Cell Environ 31:954-967

Laisk A. 1977. Kinetics of photosynthesis and photorespiration in C3 plants. Nauka, Moscow.

Leuning R. 1995. A critical appraisal of a coupled stomatal- photosynthesis model for C3 plants. Plant Cell Environ 18:339-357

Liang LL, Arcus VL, Heskel MA, O’Sullivan OS, Weerasinghe LK, Creek D, Egerton JJG, Tjoelker MG, Atkin OK, Schipper LA. 2018. Macromolecular rate theory (MMRT) provides a thermodynamics rationale to underpin the convergent temperature response in plant leaf respiration. Glob Chang Biol 24:1538-1547

Marshall B, Biscoe P. 1980. A model for C3 leaves describing the dependence of net photosynthesis on irradiance. J Ex Bot 31:29-39

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Contributors

Comments and contributions

We welcome comments, criticisms, and especially contributions! GitHub issues are the preferred way to report bugs, ask questions, or request new features. You can submit issues here:

https://github.com/cdmuir/photosynthesis/issues

Meta


  1. Since optimization is somewhat time-consuming, be careful about crossing too many combinations. Use progress = TRUE to show progress bar with estimated time remaining.↩︎